Children Who Resist Seeing a Parent - Revision history

Nate Russell at 22:41, 3 September 2024

2024-09-03T22:41:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:41, 3 September 2024
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	It may be necessary to ask the court for orders when one or both parents won't agree to take steps to support and foster the child's relationship with the rejected parent. These orders might include adjusting the children's parenting plan, limiting how and when the parents interact with each other, and enforcing orders and agreements that say when a child will see their parents. Other orders can require children and parents to participate in one or more of the available therapeutic responses. The kind of orders that are most likely to help will change depending on the circumstances, the age and maturity of the child, and the extent of the breakdown in the child's relationship with the rejected parent.		It may be necessary to ask the court for orders when one or both parents won't agree to take steps to support and foster the child's relationship with the rejected parent. These orders might include adjusting the children's parenting plan, limiting how and when the parents interact with each other, and enforcing orders and agreements that say when a child will see their parents. Other orders can require children and parents to participate in one or more of the available therapeutic responses. The kind of orders that are most likely to help will change depending on the circumstances, the age and maturity of the child, and the extent of the breakdown in the child's relationship with the rejected parent.

	====~~Intevene~~ early====		====Intervene early====

	It can be important to get professional help to figure out what's going on as soon as a child begins to demonstrate a continuing reluctance to see a parent or any other sign that problems are developing, or already exist, in the child's relationship with a parent. Involving mental health professionals right off the bat can help stop the problem from getting worse and maybe even suggest ways of fixing the problem. The potential roles mental health professionals can play at this early stage are about diagnosis, figuring out what the problem is, and providing ongoing therapeutic help.		It can be important to get professional help to figure out what's going on as soon as a child begins to demonstrate a continuing reluctance to see a parent or any other sign that problems are developing, or already exist, in the child's relationship with a parent. Involving mental health professionals right off the bat can help stop the problem from getting worse and maybe even suggest ways of fixing the problem. The potential roles mental health professionals can play at this early stage are about diagnosis, figuring out what the problem is, and providing ongoing therapeutic help.
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	When a child is resisting spending time with a parent, a parenting assessment can provide parents and the court with valuable information about the relationships between parents, between siblings, and between the parents and their children. Usually, these reports are sought to get recommendations and information about the parenting arrangements that are likely to be in the best interests of the children. However, they can also be used to look into specific issues, like the reasons why a child is resisting seeing a parent, and get recommendations about the things that can be done to restore the relationship between the child and the rejected parent.		When a child is resisting spending time with a parent, a parenting assessment can provide parents and the court with valuable information about the relationships between parents, between siblings, and between the parents and their children. Usually, these reports are sought to get recommendations and information about the parenting arrangements that are likely to be in the best interests of the children. However, they can also be used to look into specific issues, like the reasons why a child is resisting seeing a parent, and get recommendations about the things that can be done to restore the relationship between the child and the rejected parent.

	While these reports are often invaluable, and can help parents settle their legal disputes, they're also often very expensive. Family Justice Counsellors are government employees, usually social workers, attached to the Provincial Court who will prepare parenting assessments for free. The demand for their services is huge, as you'd probably expect, and their reports can take many months to start and finish as a result. Reports prepared by other mental health professionals cost money and will be paid for by the parents. While these reports will be available much sooner than the reports of Family Justice Counsellors, the cost can range from $6,000 to $24,000, depending on the circumstances and complexity of the case, the number of children, and whether the assessor must travel to meet the family.		While these reports are often invaluable, and can help parents settle their legal disputes, they're also often very expensive. Family Justice Counsellors are government employees, usually social workers, attached to the Provincial Court who will prepare parenting assessments for free. The demand for their services is huge, as you'd probably expect, and their reports can take many months to start and finish as a result. Reports prepared by other mental health professionals cost money and will be paid for by the parents. While these reports will be available much sooner than the reports of Family Justice Counsellors, the cost can range from $10,000 to $20,000, depending on the circumstances and complexity of the case, the number of children, and whether the assessor must travel to meet the family.

	====Ask for case management====		====Ask for case management====

Nate Russell: Clicklaw directory link edit

2024-08-23T23:29:47Z

Clicklaw directory link edit

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:29, 23 August 2024
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	I am not a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or a counsellor. As a result this section should be read with a grain of salt, as it's based on my observations of my clients' experiences, a bit of research, and some common sense. For the same reason, be cautioned that this section should not be used as an authority for the propositions it sets out.		I am not a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or a counsellor. As a result this section should be read with a grain of salt, as it's based on my observations of my clients' experiences, a bit of research, and some common sense. For the same reason, be cautioned that this section should not be used as an authority for the propositions it sets out.

	I also wish to acknowledge that much of this section was drawn from two sources in particular: Dr. Deirdre Rand's 1997 article, "[~~http~~://~~www~~.~~fact~~.~~on.ca/Info~~/~~pas~~/~~rand11.htm~~ The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)]" in the American Journal of Forensic Psychology; and, a 2001 article by Drs. Joan Kelly and Janet Johnston, "[https://~~jkseminars~~.~~com~~/~~pdf~~/~~AlienatedChildArt.pdf~~ The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome,]" published in ''Family Court Review''. Both articles are excellent and should be read if you believe that estrangement or alienation is an issue in your family.		I also wish to acknowledge that much of this section was drawn from two sources in particular: Dr. Deirdre Rand's 1997 article, "[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-41332-003 The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)]" in the American Journal of Forensic Psychology; and, a 2001 article by Drs. Joan Kelly and Janet Johnston, "[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-11679-001 The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome,]" published in ''Family Court Review''. Both articles are excellent and should be read if you believe that estrangement or alienation is an issue in your family.

	==Parental alienation==		==Parental alienation==
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	===Gardner's Parental Alienation Syndrome===		===Gardner's Parental Alienation Syndrome===

	In 1997, Dr. Deirdre Rand published an article called "[~~http~~://~~www~~.~~fact~~.~~on.ca~~/~~Info~~/~~pas/rand11.htm~~ The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)]" in the ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', summarizing and updating Gardner's theory. In that article, Rand describes Parental Alienation Syndrome as the child's formation of an "alignment" with one parent against the other. Think of ''alignment'' as meaning an alliance, or a sense of allegiance, in which a child comes to share the views and emotions of one parent over those of the other parent.		In 1997, Dr. Deirdre Rand published an article called "[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-41332-003 The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)]" in the ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', summarizing and updating Gardner's theory. In that article, Rand describes Parental Alienation Syndrome as the child's formation of an "alignment" with one parent against the other. Think of ''alignment'' as meaning an alliance, or a sense of allegiance, in which a child comes to share the views and emotions of one parent over those of the other parent.

	A study by Johnston and Dr. Linda Campbell in 1988 found a measurable degree of alignment between children and one parent in 35 to 40 percent of the high-conflict cases they studied. In a 1993 article entitled "Children of Divorce who Refuse Visitation," Johnston reported finding strong alignments in 28 to 43 percent of 9- to 12-year-olds in high-conflict cases, with another 29 percent showing symptoms of a mild alignment.		A study by Johnston and Dr. Linda Campbell in 1988 found a measurable degree of alignment between children and one parent in 35 to 40 percent of the high-conflict cases they studied. In a 1993 article entitled "Children of Divorce who Refuse Visitation," Johnston reported finding strong alignments in 28 to 43 percent of 9- to 12-year-olds in high-conflict cases, with another 29 percent showing symptoms of a mild alignment.
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	*stating or implying that the child is being abused or maltreated by the other parent.		*stating or implying that the child is being abused or maltreated by the other parent.

	The consequences of alienation or attempted alienation can be quite profound. Alienation at its best is a form of psychological programming; at worst, it's brainwashing. Alienation may result in the permanent destruction of a child's relationship with the rejected parent and in long-lasting psychological problems for the alienated child. In Dr. Glenn Cartwright's article "[~~http~~://~~www~~.~~fact~~.~~on.ca~~/~~Info~~/~~pas/cartwr93.htm~~ Expanding the Parameters of Parental Alienation Syndrome]," published in the ''American Journal of Family Therapy'' in 1993, a number of long-term psychological problems were found in children who had been the victims of alienation, including:		The consequences of alienation or attempted alienation can be quite profound. Alienation at its best is a form of psychological programming; at worst, it's brainwashing. Alienation may result in the permanent destruction of a child's relationship with the rejected parent and in long-lasting psychological problems for the alienated child. In Dr. Glenn Cartwright's article "[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-13185-001 Expanding the Parameters of Parental Alienation Syndrome]," published in the ''American Journal of Family Therapy'' in 1993, a number of long-term psychological problems were found in children who had been the victims of alienation, including:

	*depression, anxiety and stress,		*depression, anxiety and stress,
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	*Lampel, A. K. (1996). [https://bit.ly/3yRhQja Children’s alignment with parents in highly conflicted custody cases.] ''Family Court Review'', 34(2), 229-239.		*Lampel, A. K. (1996). [https://bit.ly/3yRhQja Children’s alignment with parents in highly conflicted custody cases.] ''Family Court Review'', 34(2), 229-239.
	*Lee, S. M., & Olesen, N. W. (2001). [https://bit.ly/3X1iiDo Assessing for alienation in child custody and access evaluations.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 282-298.		*Lee, S. M., & Olesen, N. W. (2001). [https://bit.ly/3X1iiDo Assessing for alienation in child custody and access evaluations.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 282-298.
	*Rand, D.C. (1997). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-06755-002 The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 1.] ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(3), 23-52.		*Rand, D.C. (1997). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-06755-002 The spectrum of parent alienation: Part I.] ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(3), 23-52.
	*Rand, D.C. (1997) [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-41332-003 The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 2.] ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(4), 39-92.		*Rand, D.C. (1997) [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-41332-003 The spectrum of parent alienation: Part II.] ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(4), 39-92.
	*Sullivan, M. J., & Kelly, J. B. (2001). [https://bit.ly/3YYftWG Legal and psychological management of cases with an alienated child.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 299-315.		*Sullivan, M. J., & Kelly, J. B. (2001). [https://bit.ly/3YYftWG Legal and psychological management of cases with an alienated child.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 299-315.
	*Turkat, I. D. (1994). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-19653-001 Child visitation interference in divorce.] ''Clinical Psychology Review'', 14(8), 737-742.		*Turkat, I. D. (1994). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-19653-001 Child visitation interference in divorce.] ''Clinical Psychology Review'', 14(8), 737-742.
	*Waldron, K. H., & Joanis, D. E. (1996). [~~http~~://~~www~~.~~fact.on.ca~~/~~Info/pas/waldron.htm~~ Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome.] ''American Journal of Family Law'', 10, 121-134.		*Waldron, K. H., & Joanis, D. E. (1996). [https://bit.ly/4dAfTGS Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome.] ''American Journal of Family Law'', 10, 121-134.
	*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1976). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1266949/ The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency.] ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry'', 46(2), 256-269.		*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1976). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1266949/ The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency.] ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry'', 46(2), 256-269.
	*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). ''[https://search.worldcat.org/title/6041040 Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce]''. New York: Basic Books.		*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). ''[https://search.worldcat.org/title/6041040 Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce]''. New York: Basic Books.
	*Warshak, R. A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25740420 Bringing sense to parental alienation: A look at the disputes and the evidence.] ''Family Law Quarterly'', 37(2) 273-301.		*Warshak, R. A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25740420 Bringing sense to parental alienation: A look at the disputes and the evidence.] ''Family Law Quarterly'', 37(2) 273-301.
	*Warshak, R. A. (2003). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-09485-007 Payoffs and pitfalls of listening to children.] ''Family Relations'', 52(4), 373-384.		*Warshak, R. A. (2003). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-09485-007 Payoffs and pitfalls of listening to children.] ''Family Relations'', 52(4), 373-384.
	*Wood, C. L. (1994). ''[~~http~~://~~www~~.~~fact~~.~~on.ca~~/~~Info~~/~~pas~~/~~wood94.htm~~ The parental alienation syndrome: A dangerous aura of reliability]'', Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 27, 1367-1415.		*Wood, C. L. (1994). ''[https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol27/iss4/5/ The parental alienation syndrome: A dangerous aura of reliability]'', Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 27, 1367-1415.

	===Online information===		===Online information===
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	The web is full of resources about alienation, estrangement and children who resist seeing a parent after separation. Much of the information available online is, however, of limited usefulness. Look about the internet and educate yourself about children who are reluctant to spend time with a parent, but be cautious about the sources of what you're reading. Stick to information published by academics, lawyers, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical counsellors and researchers, and avoid anonymous websites, websites sponsored by special interest groups that are likely to be biased, sensationalist websites, and websites that don't give a source for their data or their conclusions. The most reliable sort of online information is that which is published in a professional journal, as journal articles are usually peer-reviewed and normally of a very high quality.		The web is full of resources about alienation, estrangement and children who resist seeing a parent after separation. Much of the information available online is, however, of limited usefulness. Look about the internet and educate yourself about children who are reluctant to spend time with a parent, but be cautious about the sources of what you're reading. Stick to information published by academics, lawyers, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical counsellors and researchers, and avoid anonymous websites, websites sponsored by special interest groups that are likely to be biased, sensationalist websites, and websites that don't give a source for their data or their conclusions. The most reliable sort of online information is that which is published in a professional journal, as journal articles are usually peer-reviewed and normally of a very high quality.

	A good starting point for online research is the website of the [~~https~~://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group], a UK organization, which has a good discussion of the subject and plenty of useful links.		A good starting point for online research is the website of the [http://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group], a UK organization, which has a good discussion of the subject and plenty of useful links.

	A final note of caution. Many of the groups you'll find online that offer information on Parental Alienation Syndrome, such as Fathers Are Capable Too, seem to regard the problem of children who resist seeing a parent after separation as a men's rights or fathers' rights issue. However, some of these sites go too far and identify feminism and mothers, or rather their prejudice against feminism and mothers, with the small number of women who engage in alienating behaviours. Fathers also engage in alienating behaviour. Take care in choosing your sources of information and make sure you're reading between the lines.		A final note of caution. Many of the groups you'll find online that offer information on Parental Alienation Syndrome, such as Fathers Are Capable Too, seem to regard the problem of children who resist seeing a parent after separation as a men's rights or fathers' rights issue. However, some of these sites go too far and identify feminism and mothers, or rather their prejudice against feminism and mothers, with the small number of women who engage in alienating behaviours. Fathers also engage in alienating behaviour. Take care in choosing your sources of information and make sure you're reading between the lines.
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	===Links===		===Links===

	*"[~~http~~://~~jkseminars~~.~~com~~/~~pdf~~/~~AlienatedChildArt~~.~~pdf~~ The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome]"		* [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-41332-003 The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)], by Dr. Deirdre Rand, American Journal of Forensic Psychology.
	*"[http://www.canadiancrc.com/Parental_Alienation_Syndrome_Canada/lampel96.pdf Children's Alignment with Parents in Highly Conflicted Custody Cases]"		* [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-11679-001 The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome], by Drs. Joan Kelly and Janet Johnston, Family Court Review.
	* [~~http~~://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/~~doi~~/10.~~1111~~/~~fcre~~.~~2010~~.48.~~issue~~-~~1/issuetoc~~ Family Court ~~Review~~]		* [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1994-13185-001 Expanding the Parameters of Parental Alienation Syndrome], by Dr. Glenn Cartwright, American Journal of Family Therapy.
	* [http://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group] (UK)		* [http://www.canadiancrc.com/Parental_Alienation_Syndrome_Canada/lampel96.pdf Children's Alignment with Parents in Highly Conflicted Custody Cases], by Dr. Anita Lampel, Family and Conciliation Courts Review.
			* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17441617/2010/48/1 January 2010 edition of Family Court Review], published by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts.
			* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17441617/2020/58/2 April 2020 edition of Family Court Review], published by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts.
			* [https://academic.oup.com/book/11622 Children Who Resist Postseparation Parental Contact], by Bala, Fidler, and Saini, Oxford University Press.
			* [https://perma.cc/F2Q6-MYVY Joint statement], published by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts and the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.
			* [https://academic.oup.com/book/1189 Overcoming Parent-child Contact Problems], published by Oxford University Press.
			* [http://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group], a UK organization.

Nate Russell: Clicklaw directory link edit

2024-08-23T23:02:56Z

Clicklaw directory link edit

Nate Russell at 19:51, 23 August 2024

2024-08-23T19:51:30Z

Nate Russell at 18:10, 15 January 2024

2024-01-15T18:10:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:10, 15 January 2024
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	{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC\|expanded = children}}{{JPBOFL Editor Badge		{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC\|expanded = children}}{{JPBOFL Editor Badge
	\|ChapterEditors = [[Mary Mouat\|Mary Mouat, QC]] and [[Samantha Rapoport]]		\|ChapterEditors = [[Mary Mouat\|Mary Mouat, KC]] and [[Samantha Rapoport]]
	}}Children may resist seeing a parent after separation for many reasons. Whatever those reasons may be, it's always hard to be the parent a child doesn't want to spend time with. Because children's resistance to seeing a parent usually doesn't become obvious until the relationship between the parents has ended, it's easy to see how a child's preferences could be interpreted as something new that's been caused by the other parent's malicious behaviour. However, it's important to know that the reasons a child may not want to spend time with a parent range from innocent reasons related to the child's age, gender identity and stage of development, to understandable but more difficult reasons related to parenting styles, parental conflict and family violence, to truly blameworthy reasons stemming from a parent's intentional interference with the relationship between the child and the other parent.		}}Children may resist seeing a parent after separation for many reasons. Whatever those reasons may be, it's always hard to be the parent a child doesn't want to spend time with. Because children's resistance to seeing a parent usually doesn't become obvious until the relationship between the parents has ended, it's easy to see how a child's preferences could be interpreted as something new that's been caused by the other parent's malicious behaviour. However, it's important to know that the reasons a child may not want to spend time with a parent range from innocent reasons related to the child's age, gender identity and stage of development, to understandable but more difficult reasons related to parenting styles, parental conflict and family violence, to truly blameworthy reasons stemming from a parent's intentional interference with the relationship between the child and the other parent.

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2022-10-11T17:45:00Z

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2022-09-29T23:31:10Z

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Nate Russell: Nate Russell moved page Estrangement and Alienation to Children Who Resist Seeing a Parent: new title for edition 2020

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Nate Russell moved page Estrangement and Alienation to Children Who Resist Seeing a Parent: new title for edition 2020

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:02, 5 August 2022
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Corinne Shortridge: /* Academic materials */

2019-07-04T16:23:03Z

Academic materials

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:23, 4 July 2019
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	*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and It's Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.		*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and It's Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.
	*Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1998). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce. ''Family Court Review'', 36(2), 317-319.		*Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1998). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce. ''Family Court Review'', 36(2), 317-319.
	Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Friedlander, S. (2001). Therapeutic work with alienated children and their families. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 316-333.		*Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Friedlander, S. (2001). Therapeutic work with alienated children and their families. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 316-333.
	*Kelly, J. B. (2000). Children's adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research. ''American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'', 39, 963-973.		*Kelly, J. B. (2000). Children's adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research. ''American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'', 39, 963-973.
	*Kelly, J. B. (2003). Parents with enduring child disputes: Multiple pathways to enduring disputes. ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 37-50.		*Kelly, J. B. (2003). Parents with enduring child disputes: Multiple pathways to enduring disputes. ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 37-50.

Corinne Shortridge: /* Academic materials */

2019-07-04T16:22:46Z

Academic materials

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:02, 23 August 2024
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	*Freeman, R., Abel, D., Cowper-Smith, M., & Stein, L. (2004) [https://bit.ly/3MhlllZ Reconnecting children with absent parents: A model for intervention.] ''Family Court Review'', 42(3), 439-459.		*Freeman, R., Abel, D., Cowper-Smith, M., & Stein, L. (2004) [https://bit.ly/3MhlllZ Reconnecting children with absent parents: A model for intervention.] ''Family Court Review'', 42(3), 439-459.
	*Johnston, J.R. (2003). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12875493/ Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce.] ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law'', 31(2), 158-170.		*Johnston, J.R. (2003). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12875493/ Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce.] ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law'', 31(2), 158-170.
	*Johnston, J.R. (1993). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-97471-005 Children of divorce who refuse visitation]. In C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.). ''Non-Residential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living.'' Newbury, Calif.: Sage.		*Johnston, J.R. (1993). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-97471-005 Children of divorce who refuse visitation]. In C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.), ''Non-Residential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living'' (109–135). Newbury, Calif.: Sage Publications Inc.
	*Johnston, J.R., & Kelly, J. (2004). Rejoinder to Gardner’s "Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome." ''Family Court Review'', 42(4), 622.		*Johnston, J.R., & Kelly, J. (2004). [https://bit.ly/4dyc4Ck Rejoinder to Gardner’s "Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome."] ''Family Court Review'', 42(4), 622-628.
	*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and ~~It's~~ Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.		*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-03249-003 "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and Its Admissibility in Family Court".] ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.
	*Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1998). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce. ''Family Court Review'', 36(2), 317-319.		*Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1998). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-09171-000 In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce.] ''Family Court Review'', 36(2), 317-319.
	*Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Friedlander, S. (2001). Therapeutic work with alienated children and their families. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 316-333.		*Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Friedlander, S. (2001). [https://bit.ly/3Ml4sXC Therapeutic work with alienated children and their families.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 316-333.
	*Kelly, J. B. (2000). Children's adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research. ''American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'', 39, 963-973.		*Kelly, J. B. (2000). [https://www.jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(09)66294-8/abstract Children's adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research.] ''American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'', 39, 963-973.
	*Kelly, J. B. (2003). Parents with enduring child disputes: Multiple pathways to enduring disputes. ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 37-50.		*Kelly, J. B. (2003). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-05801-006 Parents with enduring child disputes: Multiple pathways to enduring disputes.] ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 37-50.
	*Kelly, J. B. (2003). Parents with enduring child disputes: Focused interventions with parents in enduring disputes. ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 51-62.		*Kelly, J. B. (2003). [https://bit.ly/4cy9Zow Parents with enduring child disputes: Focused interventions with parents in enduring disputes.] ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 51-62.
	*Kelly, J. B. (2002). Psychological and legal interventions for parents and children in custody and access disputes: Current research and practice. ''Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law'', 10, 129-163.		*Kelly, J. B. (2002). [https://bit.ly/3XjBBbB Psychological and legal interventions for parents and children in custody and access disputes: Current research and practice.] ''Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law'', 10, 129-163.
	*Kelly, J.B. & Emery. (2003). Children's adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. ''Family Relations'', 52, 352-362.		*Kelly, J.B. & Emery. (2003). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-09485-005 Children's adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives.] ''Family Relations'', 52, 352-362.
	*Kelly, J. B., & Johnston, J. R. (2001). The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 249-266.		*Kelly, J. B., & Johnston, J. R. (2001). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-11679-001 The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 249-266.
	*Kline, M. (1991). The long shadow of marital conflict: A model of children's postdivorce adjustment. ''Journal of Marriage and the Family'', 53(2), 297-309.		*Kline, M. (1991). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-05387-002 The long shadow of marital conflict: A model of children's postdivorce adjustment.] ''Journal of Marriage and the Family'', 53(2), 297-309.
	*Lampel, A. K. (1996). Children’s alignment with parents in highly conflicted custody cases. ''Family Court Review'', 34(2), 229-239.		*Lampel, A. K. (1996). [https://bit.ly/3yRhQja Children’s alignment with parents in highly conflicted custody cases.] ''Family Court Review'', 34(2), 229-239.
	*Lee, S. M., & Olesen, N. W. (2001). Assessing for alienation in child custody and access evaluations. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 282-298.		*Lee, S. M., & Olesen, N. W. (2001). [https://bit.ly/3X1iiDo Assessing for alienation in child custody and access evaluations.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 282-298.
	*Rand, D.C. (1997). The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 1. ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(3).		*Rand, D.C. (1997). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-06755-002 The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 1.] ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(3), 23-52.
	*Rand, D.C. (1997) "The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 2. ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(4).		*Rand, D.C. (1997) [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1997-41332-003 The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 2.] ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(4), 39-92.
	*Sullivan, M. J., & Kelly, J. B. (2001). Legal and psychological management of cases with an alienated child. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 299-315.		*Sullivan, M. J., & Kelly, J. B. (2001). [https://bit.ly/3YYftWG Legal and psychological management of cases with an alienated child.] ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 299-315.
	*Turkat, I. D. (1994). Child visitation interference in divorce. ''Clinical Psychology Review'', 14(8), 737.		*Turkat, I. D. (1994). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-19653-001 Child visitation interference in divorce.] ''Clinical Psychology Review'', 14(8), 737-742.
	*Waldron, K. H., & Joanis, D. E. (1996). Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome. ''American Journal of Family Law'', 10, 121-134.		*Waldron, K. H., & Joanis, D. E. (1996). [http://www.fact.on.ca/Info/pas/waldron.htm Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome.] ''American Journal of Family Law'', 10, 121-134.
	*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency. ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry'', 46(2), 256.		*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1976). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1266949/ The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency.] ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry'', 46(2), 256-269.
	*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). ''Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce''. New York: Basic Books.		*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). ''[https://search.worldcat.org/title/6041040 Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce]''. New York: Basic Books.
	*Warshak, R. A. (2003). Bringing sense to parental alienation: A look at the disputes and the evidence. ''Family Law Quarterly'', 37(2) 273-301.		*Warshak, R. A. (2003). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25740420 Bringing sense to parental alienation: A look at the disputes and the evidence.] ''Family Law Quarterly'', 37(2) 273-301.
	*Warshak, R. A. (2003). Payoffs and pitfalls of listening to children. ''Family Relations'', 52(4), 373-384.		*Warshak, R. A. (2003). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-09485-007 Payoffs and pitfalls of listening to children.] ''Family Relations'', 52(4), 373-384.
	*Wood, C. L. (1994). ''The parental alienation syndrome: A dangerous aura of reliability'', 27 ~~Loy. LAL Rev~~, 1367.		*Wood, C. L. (1994). ''[http://www.fact.on.ca/Info/pas/wood94.htm The parental alienation syndrome: A dangerous aura of reliability]'', Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 27, 1367-1415.

	===Online information===		===Online information===
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	The web is full of resources about alienation, estrangement and children who resist seeing a parent after separation. Much of the information available online is, however, of limited usefulness. Look about the internet and educate yourself about children who are reluctant to spend time with a parent, but be cautious about the sources of what you're reading. Stick to information published by academics, lawyers, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical counsellors and researchers, and avoid anonymous websites, websites sponsored by special interest groups that are likely to be biased, sensationalist websites, and websites that don't give a source for their data or their conclusions. The most reliable sort of online information is that which is published in a professional journal, as journal articles are usually peer-reviewed and normally of a very high quality.		The web is full of resources about alienation, estrangement and children who resist seeing a parent after separation. Much of the information available online is, however, of limited usefulness. Look about the internet and educate yourself about children who are reluctant to spend time with a parent, but be cautious about the sources of what you're reading. Stick to information published by academics, lawyers, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical counsellors and researchers, and avoid anonymous websites, websites sponsored by special interest groups that are likely to be biased, sensationalist websites, and websites that don't give a source for their data or their conclusions. The most reliable sort of online information is that which is published in a professional journal, as journal articles are usually peer-reviewed and normally of a very high quality.

	A good starting point for online research is the website of the [~~http~~://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group], a UK organization, which has a good discussion of the subject and plenty of useful links.		A good starting point for online research is the website of the [https://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group], a UK organization, which has a good discussion of the subject and plenty of useful links.

	A final note of caution. Many of the groups you'll find online that offer information on Parental Alienation Syndrome, such as Fathers Are Capable Too, seem to regard the problem of children who resist seeing a parent after separation as a men's rights or fathers' rights issue. However, some of these sites go too far and identify feminism and mothers, or rather their prejudice against feminism and mothers, with the small number of women who engage in alienating behaviours. Fathers also engage in alienating behaviour. Take care in choosing your sources of information and make sure you're reading between the lines.		A final note of caution. Many of the groups you'll find online that offer information on Parental Alienation Syndrome, such as Fathers Are Capable Too, seem to regard the problem of children who resist seeing a parent after separation as a men's rights or fathers' rights issue. However, some of these sites go too far and identify feminism and mothers, or rather their prejudice against feminism and mothers, with the small number of women who engage in alienating behaviours. Fathers also engage in alienating behaviour. Take care in choosing your sources of information and make sure you're reading between the lines.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:51, 23 August 2024
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	I am not a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or a counsellor. As a result this section should be read with a grain of salt, as it's based on my observations of my clients' experiences, a bit of research, and some common sense. For the same reason, be cautioned that this section should not be used as an authority for the propositions it sets out.		I am not a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or a counsellor. As a result this section should be read with a grain of salt, as it's based on my observations of my clients' experiences, a bit of research, and some common sense. For the same reason, be cautioned that this section should not be used as an authority for the propositions it sets out.

	I also wish to acknowledge that much of this section was drawn from two sources in particular: Dr. Deirdre Rand's 1997 article, "[http://www.fact.on.ca/Info/pas/rand11.htm The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)]" in the American Journal of Forensic Psychology; and, a 2001 article by Drs. Joan Kelly and Janet Johnston, "[~~http~~://jkseminars.com/pdf/AlienatedChildArt.pdf The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome,]" published in ''Family Court Review''. Both articles are excellent and should be read if you believe that estrangement or alienation is an issue in your family.		I also wish to acknowledge that much of this section was drawn from two sources in particular: Dr. Deirdre Rand's 1997 article, "[http://www.fact.on.ca/Info/pas/rand11.htm The Spectrum of Parental Alienation Syndrome (Part II)]" in the American Journal of Forensic Psychology; and, a 2001 article by Drs. Joan Kelly and Janet Johnston, "[https://jkseminars.com/pdf/AlienatedChildArt.pdf The Alienated Child: A Reformulation of Parental Alienation Syndrome,]" published in ''Family Court Review''. Both articles are excellent and should be read if you believe that estrangement or alienation is an issue in your family.

	==Parental alienation==		==Parental alienation==
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	The [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17441617/2010/48/1 January 2010] and [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17441617/2020/58/2 April 2020] editions of ''Family Court Review'', published by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts, are entirely devoted to the issue of alienated and estranged children and other contact problems after separation. If you can get your hands on a copy of these editions, you should. ([https://www.courthouselibrary.ca/ Courthouse Libraries BC] can help you with this.) They offer a fairly up-to-date look at current court practices and the latest literature on the subject, and were edited by two prominent Canadian professionals, Professor Nicholas Bala, a law professor at Queen's University, and Dr. Barbara Jo Fidler, a psychologist and mediator based in Toronto.		The [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17441617/2010/48/1 January 2010] and [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17441617/2020/58/2 April 2020] editions of ''Family Court Review'', published by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts, are entirely devoted to the issue of alienated and estranged children and other contact problems after separation. If you can get your hands on a copy of these editions, you should. ([https://www.courthouselibrary.ca/ Courthouse Libraries BC] can help you with this.) They offer a fairly up-to-date look at current court practices and the latest literature on the subject, and were edited by two prominent Canadian professionals, Professor Nicholas Bala, a law professor at Queen's University, and Dr. Barbara Jo Fidler, a psychologist and mediator based in Toronto.

	Bala, Fidler and Professor Michael Saini, a member of the University of Toronto's Faculty of Social Work, are also the authors of ''[https://~~www~~.~~amazon~~.com/~~Children-Resist-Postseparation-Parental-Contact~~/~~dp/019989549X~~ Children Who Resist Postseparation Parental Contact]'', a 2013 book published by Oxford University Press that provides a really good overview of more recent research and therapeutic and legal responses to children who resist contact after separation. Courthouse Libraries BC can probably help you find this book as well.		Bala, Fidler and Professor Michael Saini, a member of the University of Toronto's Faculty of Social Work, are also the authors of ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/11622 Children Who Resist Postseparation Parental Contact]'', a 2013 book published by Oxford University Press that provides a really good overview of more recent research and therapeutic and legal responses to children who resist contact after separation. Courthouse Libraries BC can probably help you find this book as well.

	The Association of Family and Conciliation Courts has also recently published a [https://~~files~~.~~constantcontact.com~~/~~6beb60a3701/43f71ab1~~-~~a85f-44e8-9b18-449927fafa35.pdf~~ joint statement] on parent-child contact problems with the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, an American organization. The statement is worth reading for the suggestions it directs toward lawyers, judges and mental health professionals dealing with children who resist seeing a parent after separation. Another excellent resource in the "what can we do about this problem" vein is ''[https://~~www~~.~~amazon~~.com/~~Overcoming-Parent-Child-Contact-Problems-Interventions/dp~~/~~0190235209~~ Overcoming Parent-child Contact Problems]'', published by Oxford University Press in ~~2017~~, which includes chapters by prominent mental health professionals, researchers and academics including Bala, Fidler, Sullivan, Johnston and Saini, as well as Drs. Robin Deutsch, Abigail Judge and Peggie Ward.		The Association of Family and Conciliation Courts has also recently published a [https://perma.cc/F2Q6-MYVY joint statement] on parent-child contact problems with the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, an American organization. The statement is worth reading for the suggestions it directs toward lawyers, judges and mental health professionals dealing with children who resist seeing a parent after separation. Another excellent resource in the "what can we do about this problem" vein is ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/1189 Overcoming Parent-child Contact Problems]'', published by Oxford University Press in 2016, which includes chapters by prominent mental health professionals, researchers and academics including Bala, Fidler, Sullivan, Johnston and Saini, as well as Drs. Robin Deutsch, Abigail Judge and Peggie Ward.

	The following articles were among the readings on child alienation and estrangement recommended by Kelly at a seminar in Vancouver and may be helpful, even though they're all more than a few years old.		The following articles were among the readings on child alienation and estrangement recommended by Kelly at a seminar in Vancouver and may be helpful, even though they're all more than a few years old.

	*Cummings, E. M., Davies, P., & Emery, R. E. (1994). ''Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution.'' New York: Guilford Press.		*Cummings, E. M., Davies, P., & Emery, R. E. (1994). [https://search.worldcat.org/title/29478653 ''Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution.''] New York: Guilford Press.
	*Emery, R. E. (2005). Parental alienation syndrome: Proponents bear the burden of proof. ''Family Court Review'', 43(1), 8-13.		*Emery, R. E. (2005). [https://bit.ly/3ACxmA0 Parental alienation syndrome: Proponents bear the burden of proof.] ''Family Court Review'', 43(1), 8-13.
	*Faller, K. (1998). The Parental alienation syndrome: What is it and what data support it?. ''Child Maltreatment'', 3(2), 100-115.		*Faller, K. (1998). [https://bit.ly/4dRW9OT The Parental alienation syndrome: What is it and what data support it?.] ''Child Maltreatment'', 3(2), 100-115.
	*Freeman, R., Abel, D., Cowper-Smith, M., & Stein, L. (2004) Reconnecting children with absent parents: A model for intervention. ''Family Court Review'', 42(3), 439-459.		*Freeman, R., Abel, D., Cowper-Smith, M., & Stein, L. (2004) [https://bit.ly/3MhlllZ Reconnecting children with absent parents: A model for intervention.] ''Family Court Review'', 42(3), 439-459.
	*Johnston, J.R. (2003). Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce. ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law'', 31(2), 158-170.		*Johnston, J.R. (2003). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12875493/ Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce.] ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law'', 31(2), 158-170.
	*Johnston, J.R. (1993). Children of divorce who refuse visitation. In C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.). ''Non-Residential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living.'' Newbury, Calif.: Sage.		*Johnston, J.R. (1993). [https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993-97471-005 Children of divorce who refuse visitation]. In C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.). ''Non-Residential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living.'' Newbury, Calif.: Sage.
	*Johnston, J.R., & Kelly, J. (2004). Rejoinder to Gardner’s "Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome." ''Family Court Review'', 42(4), 622.		*Johnston, J.R., & Kelly, J. (2004). Rejoinder to Gardner’s "Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome." ''Family Court Review'', 42(4), 622.
	*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and It's Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.		*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and It's Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:45, 11 October 2022
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	====Address problems with a parent's behaviour====		====Address problems with a parent's behaviour====

	When the behaviour of the favoured parent is or might be part of the problem, another step is to ask the court to include ~~terms~~ in the order ~~for~~ parenting time that are aimed at managing bad behaviour. Section 218 of the ''Family Law Act'' and section 16.1(5) of the ''Divorce Act'' allow the court to include any terms and conditions it thinks appropriate in parenting orders. Helpful terms might include requirements that a parent:		When the behaviour of the favoured parent is or might be part of the problem, another step is to ask the court to include in the order terms about parenting time that are aimed at managing bad behaviour. Section 218 of the ''Family Law Act'' and section 16.1(5) of the ''Divorce Act'' allow the court to include any terms and conditions it thinks appropriate in parenting orders. Helpful terms might include requirements that a parent:

	*not speak badly of the other parent to the children or within the children's hearing,		*not speak badly of the other parent to the children or within the children's hearing,
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	*support and encourage the children's relationship with the other parent.		*support and encourage the children's relationship with the other parent.

	When the conflict between the parents is contributing to the problem, other terms might talk about the parents' behaviour when the children are being exchanged from one parent to the other, ~~limit the~~ face-to-face contact between the parents at exchanges, or ~~manage~~ how the children are exchanged, ~~for example by being~~ dropped off and picked up through school.		When the conflict between the parents is contributing to the problem, other terms might talk about the parents' behaviour when the children are being exchanged from one parent to the other, for example by limiting face-to-face contact between the parents at exchanges, or managing how the children are exchanged, such as requiring them to be dropped off and picked up through school.

	====Get a parenting assessment====		====Get a parenting assessment====
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	A lot of people, including Kelly and Dr. Matthew Sullivan, strongly recommend that family law cases involving claims of alienation be managed by a single judge, so that all court appearances leading to the trial are dealt with by the same person. The idea behind this sort of case management is that the judge learns about the family, gains an understanding of the family's needs and dynamics, makes sure that the case stays on track, and makes sure that orders are both followed and adapted as needed to better suit the family's changing circumstances.		A lot of people, including Kelly and Dr. Matthew Sullivan, strongly recommend that family law cases involving claims of alienation be managed by a single judge, so that all court appearances leading to the trial are dealt with by the same person. The idea behind this sort of case management is that the judge learns about the family, gains an understanding of the family's needs and dynamics, makes sure that the case stays on track, and makes sure that orders are both followed and adapted as needed to better suit the family's changing circumstances.

	I think the idea of case management is a great idea for all families who are in court and engaged in higher levels of conflict. However, the courts of British Columbia just don't have the resources to take this kind of an approach as a general rule. Sometimes, a judge may agree or volunteer to "seize" ~~themselves~~ of a case, which means that the judge will deal with all of the family's court appearances except for the trial, until the judge "unseizes" themself of the case. Seizing themselves of a case can be very challenging for judges, never mind court administrators, as it adds to the judge's workload and creates huge scheduling problems, usually with the result that appearances are handled before the start of the usual court day or after the end of the court day.		I think the idea of case management is a great idea for all families who are in court and engaged in higher levels of conflict. However, the courts of British Columbia just don't have the resources to take this kind of an approach as a general rule. Sometimes, a judge may agree or volunteer to "seize" themself of a case, which means that the judge will deal with all of the family's court appearances except for the trial, until the judge "unseizes" themself of the case. Seizing themselves of a case can be very challenging for judges, never mind court administrators, as it adds to the judge's workload and creates huge scheduling problems, usually with the result that appearances are handled before the start of the usual court day or after the end of the court day.

	====Look for specialized interventions====		====Look for specialized interventions====
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	*'''Regular counselling''', the kind of basic, affordable counselling most people are familiar with. This is an easily-accessible option, but it's helpful to make sure that the therapist has experience dealing with attachment issues and family breakdown.		*'''Regular counselling''', the kind of basic, affordable counselling most people are familiar with. This is an easily-accessible option, but it's helpful to make sure that the therapist has experience dealing with attachment issues and family breakdown.
	*'''Coordinated counselling''', involving several different therapists working with different family members, all under the management of a team leader. This will be more expensive because of the number of people involved, but it offers a good opportunity for the therapists to coordinate their work. It can also be hard to find therapists who are willing to work together.		*'''Coordinated counselling''', involving several different therapists working with different family members, all under the management of a team leader. This will be more expensive because of the number of people involved, but it offers a good opportunity for the therapists to coordinate their work. It can also be hard to find therapists who are willing to work together.
	*'''Non-residential treatment programs''' specifically aimed at separated families dealing with a child's reluctance to see a parent. These programs usually involve a team approach under the guidance of a team leader and a treatment agreement that outlines how the therapists will talk to each other about the family and coordinate their responses. There are lots of benefits of this kind of program, especially when the therapists involved are specialists in the area of attachment and attachment breakdown, but can be hard to find and cost a lot of money.		*'''Non-residential treatment programs''' specifically aimed at separated families dealing with a child's reluctance to see a parent. These programs usually involve a team approach under the guidance of a team leader and a treatment agreement that outlines how the therapists will talk to each other about the family and coordinate their responses. There are lots of benefits to this kind of program, especially when the therapists involved are specialists in the area of attachment and attachment breakdown, but these programs can be hard to find and cost a lot of money.
	*'''Residential treatment programs''' that are also specifically aimed at separated families dealing with a child's reluctance to see a parent but are shorter, far more intense and require the children and one or both parents to live in a camp-style setting. These programs are available primarily in the United States.		*'''Residential treatment programs''' that are also specifically aimed at separated families dealing with a child's reluctance to see a parent but are shorter, far more intense and require the children and one or both parents to live in a camp-style setting. These programs are available primarily in the United States.

	What's really important to understand about these interventions is that they're not geared toward helping a parent "prove" alienation; they're about helping the child have a normal relationship with the parent they have rejected. They're not about who's right and who's wrong, they're about trying to restore the child's relationship with the parent they don't want to spend time with, ~~rebuilding~~ a healthy attachment between the child and that parent, and ~~supporting~~ the child's best interests, growth and wellbeing.		What's really important to understand about these interventions is that they're not geared toward helping a parent "prove" alienation; they're about helping the child have a normal relationship with the parent they have rejected. They're not about who's right and who's wrong, they're about trying to restore the child's relationship with the parent they don't want to spend time with, rebuild a healthy attachment between the child and that parent, and support the child's best interests, growth and wellbeing.

	====Adjust the children's parenting arrangements====		====Adjust the children's parenting arrangements====
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	Sometimes a contempt application, or the threat of a contempt application, is what's necessary to force someone to comply with a court order. However, where a child is estranged or alienated from a parent, a contempt application could inadvertently wind up reinforcing the child's negative views of the rejected parent by making the favoured parent look like a victim. In cases of alienation in particular, a contempt application may just feed into the idea that the rejected parent is being unfair, mean or nasty to the favoured parent.		Sometimes a contempt application, or the threat of a contempt application, is what's necessary to force someone to comply with a court order. However, where a child is estranged or alienated from a parent, a contempt application could inadvertently wind up reinforcing the child's negative views of the rejected parent by making the favoured parent look like a victim. In cases of alienation in particular, a contempt application may just feed into the idea that the rejected parent is being unfair, mean or nasty to the favoured parent.

	"Costs awards" are orders that one party ~~have~~ their ''costs'' of an application or a court proceeding. "Costs" doesn't mean that one party has to pay the bill of the other party's lawyer, but they will have to pay for the lawyer's out-of-pocket expenses for things like filing fees and photocopying, plus an additional amount that usually works out to maybe 35 to 40 percent of the lawyer's bill. ("Special costs" require a much larger payment, and "solicitor-client" or "lawyer-client" costs require the payment of an amount equal to the lawyer's bill.) Costs awards aren't often made in family law cases because of their financial impact on the party who has to pay them.		"Costs awards" are orders that one party be paid their ''costs'' of an application or a court proceeding by another party to that application or proceeding. "Costs" doesn't mean that one party has to pay the full bill of the other party's lawyer, but they will have to pay for the lawyer's out-of-pocket expenses for things like filing fees and photocopying, plus an additional amount that usually works out to maybe 35 to 40 percent of the lawyer's bill. ("Special costs" require a much larger payment, and "solicitor-client" or "lawyer-client" costs require the payment of an amount equal to the lawyer's bill.) Costs awards aren't often made in family law cases because of their financial impact on the party who has to pay them.

	Like contempt orders, an award of costs, special costs or lawyer-client costs may also wind up reinforcing the child's negative views of the rejected parent by making the favoured parent look like a victim. It can be tempting to ask for costs awards when the behaviour of a parent is particularly bad, but be careful about how the award might ultimately undermine the rejected parent's chances of rebuilding their child~~'s relationship with them~~.		Like contempt orders, an award of costs, special costs or lawyer-client costs may also wind up reinforcing the child's negative views of the rejected parent by making the favoured parent look like a victim. It can be tempting to ask for costs awards when the behaviour of a parent is particularly bad, but be careful about how the award might ultimately undermine the rejected parent's chances of rebuilding a relationship with their child.

	====Peace officer enforcement====		====Peace officer enforcement====

	Section 231 of the ''Family Law Act'' allows the court to make an order requiring a peace officer, including a police officer, to take a child and deliver the child to ~~another~~ parent if the court believes that ~~the other~~ parent has been "wrongfully denied" parenting time. The court may order that the officer enter any place where the child is being kept, seize the child, and take the child to the other parent.		Section 231 of the ''Family Law Act'' allows the court to make an order requiring a peace officer, including a police officer, to take a child and deliver the child to a parent if the court believes that parent has been "wrongfully denied" parenting time by the other parent. The court may order that the officer enter any place where the child is being kept, seize the child, and take the child to the other parent.

	As you can imagine, this is a pretty serious order. Peace officer enforcement orders are only made in extreme circumstances, when the court is satisfied that nothing else will get a parent to follow an order. Some parents may feel that this is the only way they can get a parent to follow an order for parenting time, and sometimes that's true. In cases where a child is estranged or alienated from a parent, however, the effect of the police showing up at the door to forcibly remove the child from the favoured parent can be devastating. It's easy to see how this sort of thing would feed into the story the favoured parent tells about the rejected parent, and make the rejected parent look like a bully. Be careful of asking for these orders in cases of estrangement and alienation.		As you can imagine, this is a pretty serious order. Peace officer enforcement orders are only made in extreme circumstances, when the court is satisfied that nothing else will get a parent to follow an order. Some parents may feel that this is the only way they can get a parent to follow an order for parenting time, and sometimes that's true. In cases where a child is estranged or alienated from a parent, however, the effect of the police showing up at the door to forcibly remove the child from the favoured parent can be devastating. It's easy to see how this sort of thing would feed into the story the favoured parent tells about the rejected parent, and make the rejected parent look like a bully. Be careful of asking for these orders in cases of estrangement and alienation.
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	*Johnston, J.R. (2003). Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce. ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law'', 31(2), 158-170.		*Johnston, J.R. (2003). Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce. ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law'', 31(2), 158-170.
	*Johnston, J.R. (1993). Children of divorce who refuse visitation. In C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.). ''Non-Residential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living.'' Newbury, Calif.: Sage.		*Johnston, J.R. (1993). Children of divorce who refuse visitation. In C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.). ''Non-Residential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living.'' Newbury, Calif.: Sage.
	*Johnston, J.R., & Kelly, J. (2004). Rejoinder to Gardner’s Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome. ''Family Court Review'', 42(4), 622.		*Johnston, J.R., & Kelly, J. (2004). Rejoinder to Gardner’s "Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome." ''Family Court Review'', 42(4), 622.
	*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and It's Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.		*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and It's Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.
	*Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1998). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce. ''Family Court Review'', 36(2), 317-319.		*Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1998). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce. ''Family Court Review'', 36(2), 317-319.
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	A good starting point for online research is the website of the [http://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group], a UK organization, which has a good discussion of the subject and plenty of useful links.		A good starting point for online research is the website of the [http://www.spig.clara.net/ Shared Parenting Information Group], a UK organization, which has a good discussion of the subject and plenty of useful links.

	A final note of caution. Many of the groups you'll find online that offer information on Parental Alienation Syndrome, such as Fathers Are Capable Too, seem to regard the problem of children who resist seeing a parent after separation as a men's rights or fathers' rights issue~~. In part, this is because a small majority of alienating parents are women, but mostly it's because of the inflammatory nature of Gardner's theory and conclusions~~. However, some of these sites go too far and identify feminism, or rather their prejudice against feminism, with the small number of women who engage in alienating behaviours. Fathers also engage in alienating behaviour. Take care in choosing your sources of information and make sure you're reading between the lines.		A final note of caution. Many of the groups you'll find online that offer information on Parental Alienation Syndrome, such as Fathers Are Capable Too, seem to regard the problem of children who resist seeing a parent after separation as a men's rights or fathers' rights issue. However, some of these sites go too far and identify feminism and mothers, or rather their prejudice against feminism and mothers, with the small number of women who engage in alienating behaviours. Fathers also engage in alienating behaviour. Take care in choosing your sources of information and make sure you're reading between the lines.
	<!--- HIDDEN		<!--- HIDDEN
	==Further Reading in this Chapter==		==Further Reading in this Chapter==

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:22, 4 July 2019
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	The following articles were suggested as recommended readings on child alienation and estrangement by Dr. Joan Kelly at a June 2005 seminar in Vancouver.		The following articles were suggested as recommended readings on child alienation and estrangement by Dr. Joan Kelly at a June 2005 seminar in Vancouver.

	*Buchanan, C., Maccoby, E. and Dornbusch, S. (1991). Caught ~~Between Parents~~: Adolescents' ~~Experience~~ in ~~Divorced Homes~~. ''Child Development'', 62(5), 1008-1029.		*Buchanan, C., Maccoby, E. and Dornbusch, S. (1991). Caught between parents: Adolescents' experience in divorced homes. ''Child Development'', 62(5), 1008-1029.
	*Buehler, C., Krishnakumar, A., Stone, G., Anthony, C., Pemberton, S., Gerard, J. and Barber, B. (1998). Interparental ~~Conflict Styles~~ and ~~Youth Problem Behaviors~~: A ~~Two~~-~~Sample Replication Study~~. ''Journal of Marriage and the Family,'' 60(1), 119.		*Buehler, C., Krishnakumar, A., Stone, G., Anthony, C., Pemberton, S., Gerard, J. and Barber, B. (1998). Interparental conflict styles and youth problem behaviors: A two-sample replication study. ''Journal of Marriage and the Family,'' 60(1), 119.
	*Cummings, E. M., Davies, P., & Emery, R. E. (1994). ''Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution.'' New York: Guilford Press.		*Cummings, E. M., Davies, P., & Emery, R. E. (1994). ''Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution.'' New York: Guilford Press.
	*Clawar, S. S., & Rivlin, B. V. (1991). ''Children held hostage: Dealing with programmed and brainwashed children.'' Chicago, Ill: Section of Family Law, American Bar Association.		*Clawar, S. S., & Rivlin, B. V. (1991). ''Children held hostage: Dealing with programmed and brainwashed children.'' Chicago, Ill: Section of Family Law, American Bar Association.
	*Dunne, J., & Hedrick, M. (~~January 01,~~ 1994). The Parental ~~Alienation Syndrome~~: An ~~Analysis~~ of ~~Sixteen Selected Cases~~. ''Journal of Divorce & Remarriage,'' 21, 21.		*Dunne, J., & Hedrick, M. (1994). The Parental alienation syndrome: An analysis of sixteen selected cases. ''Journal of Divorce & Remarriage,'' 21(21).
	*Emery, R. E. (2005). Parental alienation syndrome: Proponents bear the burden of proof. ''Family Court Review, 43(1)'', 8-13.		*Emery, R. E. (2005). Parental alienation syndrome: Proponents bear the burden of proof. ''Family Court Review, 43(1)'', 8-13.
	*Faller, K. (1998). The Parental ~~Alienation Syndrome~~: What is it and ~~What Data Support~~ it?. ''Child Maltreatment, 3(2)'', 100-115.		*Faller, K. (1998). The Parental alienation syndrome: What is it and what data support it?. ''Child Maltreatment, 3(2)'', 100-115.
	*Freeman, R., Abel, D., Cowper-Smith, M., & Stein, L. (2004) Reconnecting children with absent parents: A model for intervention. ''Family Court Review'', 42(3), 439-459		*Freeman, R., Abel, D., Cowper-Smith, M., & Stein, L. (2004) Reconnecting children with absent parents: A model for intervention. ''Family Court Review'', 42(3), 439-459
	*Gardner, R. A. (1998). ''The parental alienation syndrome: A guide for mental health and legal professionals.'' Cresskill N.J: Creative Therapeutics.		*Gardner, R. A. (1998). ''The parental alienation syndrome: A guide for mental health and legal professionals.'' Cresskill N.J: Creative Therapeutics.
	*Johnston, J. R. (2003) "Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce." ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law''		*Johnston, J.R. (2003). Parental alignments and rejection: An empirical study of alienation in children of divorce. ''Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law'', 31(2), 158-170.
	*Johnston, J.R. (1993) "Children of divorce who refuse visitation~~," in~~ C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.), ''Non-~~residential parenting~~: New ~~vistas~~ in ~~family living~~''		*Johnston, J.R. (1993). Children of divorce who refuse visitation. In C. Depner & J.H. Bray (Eds.). ''Non-Residential Parenting: New Vistas in Family Living.'' Newbury, Calif.: Sage.
	*Johnston, J. R. & Kelly, J.B. (2004) "Rejoinder to Gardner’s 'Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome'." ''Family Court Review''		*Johnston, J.R., & Kelly, J. (2004). Rejoinder to Gardner’s 'Commentary on Kelly and Johnston’s The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome'. ''Family Court Review'', 42(4), 622.
	*Johnston, J. R. & Kelly, J~~. B~~. (2004) "Commentary on Walker, Brantley ~~& Rigsbee’s~~ 'A ~~critical analysis~~ of ~~parental alienation~~ and ~~its admissibility~~ in ~~the family court'~~." ''Journal of Child Custody''		*Johnston, J., & Kelly, J. (2004). Commentary on Walker, Brantley, and Rigsbee's "A Critical Analysis of Parental Alienation Syndrome and It's Admissibility in Family Court". ''Journal of Child Custody'', 1(4), 77-89.
	*Johnston, J.R. & Roseby, V. (~~1997~~) In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of ~~high-conflict~~ and violent ~~families~~.		*Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1998). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce. ''Family Court Review'', 36(2), 317-319.
	*Johnston, J.R., Walters, M.G., & Friedlander, S. (2001) "Therapeutic work with alienated children and their families." ''Family ~~Courts~~ Review''		Johnston, J. R., Walters, M. G., & Friedlander, S. (2001). Therapeutic work with alienated children and their families. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 316-333.
	*Kelly, J. B. (2000) ~~"Children’s~~ adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research." ''~~Journal of the~~ American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry''		*Kelly, J. B. (2000). Children's adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research. ''American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry'', 39, 963-973.
	*Kelly, J. (2003) "Parents with enduring child disputes: Multiple pathways to enduring disputes." ''Journal of Family Studies''		*Kelly, J. B. (2003). Parents with enduring child disputes: Multiple pathways to enduring disputes. ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 37-50.
	*Kelly, J. (2003) "Parents with enduring child disputes: Focused interventions with parents in enduring disputes." ''Journal of Family Studies''		*Kelly, J. B. (2003). Parents with enduring child disputes: Focused interventions with parents in enduring disputes. ''Journal of Family Studies'', 9, 51-62.
	*Kelly, J. (2002) "Psychological and legal interventions for parents and children in custody and access disputes: Current research and practice." ''Virginia Journal of Social Policy ~~and~~ Law''		*Kelly, J. B. (2002). Psychological and legal interventions for parents and children in custody and access disputes: Current research and practice. ''Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law'', 10, 129-163.
	*Kelly, J. & Emery~~, R~~. (2003) ~~"Children’s~~ adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives." ''Family Relations''		*Kelly, J.B. & Emery. (2003). Children's adjustment following divorce: Risk and resilience perspectives. ''Family Relations'', 52, 352-362.
	*Kelly, J.B. & Johnston, J.R. (2001) "The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome." ''Family ~~Courts~~ Review''		*Kelly, J. B., & Johnston, J. R. (2001). The alienated child: A reformulation of parental alienation syndrome. ''Family Court Review'', 39, 3, 249-266.
	*Kline, M~~., Johnston, J., & Tschann, J~~. (~~1990~~) "The long shadow of marital conflict: a model of ~~children’s~~ postdivorce adjustment." ''Journal of Marriage & Family''		*Kline, M. (1991). The long shadow of marital conflict: A model of children's postdivorce adjustment. ''Journal of Marriage and the Family'', 53(2), 297-309.
	*Lampel, A.K. (1996) "Children’s ~~alignments~~ with parents in highly conflicted custody cases." ''Family ~~& Conciliation Courts~~ Review''		*Lampel, A. K. (1996). Children’s alignment with parents in highly conflicted custody cases. ''Family Court Review'', 34(2), 229-239.
	*Lee, S. M. & Olesen, N. W. (2001) "Assessing for alienation in child custody and access evaluations." ''Family ~~Courts~~ Review''		*Lee, S. M., & Olesen, N. W. (2001). Assessing for alienation in child custody and access evaluations. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 282-298.
	*Lund, M. (1995) "A therapist’s view of parental alienation syndrome." ''Family ~~& Conciliation Courts~~ Review''		*Lund, M. (1995). A therapist’s view of parental alienation syndrome. ''Family Court Review'', 33(3), 308-316.
	*Rand, D.C. (1997) "The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 1." ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology''		*Rand, D.C. (1997). The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 1. ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(3).
	*Rand, D.C. (1997) "The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 2." ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology''		*Rand, D.C. (1997) "The spectrum of parent alienation: Part 2. ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology'', 15(4).
	*Sullivan, M. J. & Kelly, J.B. (2001) "Legal and psychological management of cases with an alienated child." ''Family ~~Courts~~ Review''		*Sullivan, M. J., & Kelly, J. B. (2001). Legal and psychological management of cases with an alienated child. ''Family Court Review'', 39(3), 299-315.
	*Turkat, I.D. (1994) "Child visitation interference in divorce." ''Clinical Psychology Review''		*Turkat, I. D. (1994). Child visitation interference in divorce. ''Clinical Psychology Review'', 14(8), 737.
	*Waldron, K.H. & ~~Joanes~~, D.E. (1996) "Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome." ''American Journal of Family Law''		*Waldron, K. H., & Joanis, D. E. (1996). Understanding and collaboratively treating parental alienation syndrome. ''American Journal of Family Law'', 10, 121-134.
	*Wallerstein, J.S. & Kelly, J.B. (1976) "The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency." ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry''		*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1976). The effects of parental divorce: Experiences of the child in later latency. ''American Journal of Orthopsychiatry'', 46(2), 256.
	*Wallerstein, J.S.. & Kelly, K.B. (1980) Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce.		*Wallerstein, J. S., & Kelly, J. B. (1980). ''Surviving the breakup: How children and parents cope with divorce''. New York: Basic Books.
	*Warshak, R. A. (2003) ~~"Bring~~ sense to parental alienation: A look at the disputes and the evidence." ''Family Law Quarterly''		*Warshak, R. A. (2003). Bringing sense to parental alienation: A look at the disputes and the evidence. ''Family Law Quarterly'', 37(2) 273-301.
	*Warshak, R. A. (2003) "Payoffs and pitfalls of listening to children." ''Family Relations''		*Warshak, R. A. (2003). Payoffs and pitfalls of listening to children. ''Family Relations'', 52(4), 373-384.
	*Wood, C. (1994) "The parental alienation syndrome: A dangerous aura of reliability." ''~~Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review~~		*Wood, C. L. (1994). ''The parental alienation syndrome: A dangerous aura of reliability'', 27 Loy. LAL Rev, 1367.

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