Immigration Law's Players (18:II) - Revision history

LSLAP at 19:35, 13 October 2025

2025-10-13T19:35:25Z

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LSLAP at 21:25, 18 September 2025

2025-09-18T21:25:46Z

Nate Russell: Nate Russell moved page Immigration Law’s Players (18:II) to Immigration Law's Players (18:II): 2025 LSLAP revision - straight/smart quote fix

2025-09-10T18:02:18Z

Nate Russell moved page Immigration Law’s Players (18:II) to Immigration Law's Players (18:II): 2025 LSLAP revision - straight/smart quote fix

← Older revision	Revision as of 18:02, 10 September 2025
(No difference)

Nate Russell: Nate Russell moved page Immigration Law’s Players (18:III) to Immigration Law’s Players (18:II): 2025 LSLAP revision

2025-09-10T17:24:45Z

Nate Russell moved page Immigration Law’s Players (18:III) to Immigration Law’s Players (18:II): 2025 LSLAP revision

← Older revision	Revision as of 17:24, 10 September 2025
(No difference)

LSLAP at 17:28, 7 August 2024

2024-08-07T17:28:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 7 August 2024
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= ~~July 18~~, ~~2023~~}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= August 2, 2024}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}

LSLAP: /* C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants */

2024-08-06T23:24:43Z

C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:24, 6 August 2024
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	== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==		== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==

	Under ~~section~~ 91 of the IRPA, the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.		Under s 91 of the ''IRPA'', the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.

	Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form. This includes both unpaid and paid parties.		Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an [https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/imm5476.html IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form]. This includes both unpaid and paid parties.

	For Federal Court proceedings, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.		For Federal Court proceedings, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.

	“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, they may expose themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" by employing ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.		“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, they may expose themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" by employing ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.

	'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''		'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''

LSLAP at 01:33, 3 August 2024

2024-08-03T01:33:47Z

Clicklaw Editor at 19:14, 5 September 2023

2023-09-05T19:14:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:14, 5 September 2023
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= ~~Aug 22~~, 2023}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= July 18, 2023}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}

	== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA ) ==		== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA ) ==

	Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), under the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications. The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings.		Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), under the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications. The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings.

	The difference between the CBSA and IRCC is more complicated than what is outlined in this Chapter, and their roles change within Canada's immigration system can change.		The difference between the CBSA and IRCC is more complicated than what is outlined in this Chapter, and their roles change within Canada's immigration system can change.
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	For any proceeding in Federal Court, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.		For any proceeding in Federal Court, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.

	“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, those immigrants are exposing themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" if they employ ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.		“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, those immigrants are exposing themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" if they employ ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.
	'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''		'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''


	{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-22}}		{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-23}}

LSLAP at 05:32, 23 August 2023

2023-08-23T05:32:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:32, 23 August 2023
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= ~~July 29~~, ~~2022~~}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= Aug 22, 2023}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}

	== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA ) ==		== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA ) ==

	Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), under the Minister of Immigration, ~~Refugee~~ and Citizenship is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications. The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings. The difference between the CBSA and IRCC is more complicated than what is outlined ~~here~~, and roles change.		Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), under the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications. The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings.

			The difference between the CBSA and IRCC is more complicated than what is outlined in this Chapter, and their roles change within Canada's immigration system can change.

	== B. Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) ==		== B. Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) ==
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	== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==		== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==

	Under section 91 of the IRPA, the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.		Under section 91 of the ''IRPA'', the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.

	Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form. This includes both unpaid and paid parties.		Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form. This includes both unpaid and paid parties.
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	For any proceeding in Federal Court, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.		For any proceeding in Federal Court, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.

	“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration consulting services without ~~the~~ proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application~~, and clinicians will hear only of the advice they gave to the client~~. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, those immigrants are exposing themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" if they employ ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. ~~If a clinician suspects that~~ a ghost consultant ~~was involved in a file, he or she should seek input from a supervisor~~ before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing ~~the~~ client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations. ~~LSLAP clinicians can assist persons wishing~~ to ~~file~~ complaints or small claims actions against consultants. ~~See [[Introduction_to_Small_Claims_(20:I)\|Chapter 20: Small Claims]].~~		“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, those immigrants are exposing themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" if they employ ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.
			'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''


	{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-22}}		{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-22}}

Clicklaw Editor: /* C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants */

2022-10-14T23:54:51Z

C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:54, 14 October 2022
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	For any proceeding in Federal Court, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.		For any proceeding in Federal Court, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.

	“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration consulting services without the proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application, and clinicians will hear only of the advice they gave to the client. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, those immigrants are exposing themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" if they employ ghost consultants, and ~~CIC~~ and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. If a clinician suspects that a ghost consultant was involved in a file, he or she should seek input from a supervisor before revealing this fact to ~~CIC~~ and prejudicing the client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations. LSLAP clinicians can assist persons wishing to file complaints or small claims actions against consultants.		“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration consulting services without the proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application, and clinicians will hear only of the advice they gave to the client. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, those immigrants are exposing themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" if they employ ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. If a clinician suspects that a ghost consultant was involved in a file, he or she should seek input from a supervisor before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing the client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations. LSLAP clinicians can assist persons wishing to file complaints or small claims actions against consultants. See [[Introduction_to_Small_Claims_(20:I)\|Chapter 20: Small Claims]].


	{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-22}}		{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-22}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:25, 18 September 2025
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	== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency ("CBSA") ==		== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency ("CBSA") ==

	Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (“IRCC”), under the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications.		Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (“IRCC”), under the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications.

	The Canada Border Services Agency (“CBSA”) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings.		The Canada Border Services Agency (“CBSA”) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings.

	The difference between the CBSA and IRCC is complicated and involves distinctions beyond what is included in this Chapter. Their roles within Canada’s immigration system can also change.		The difference between the CBSA and IRCC is complicated and involves distinctions beyond what is included in this Chapter. Their roles within Canada’s immigration system can also change.

	== B. Immigration and Refugee Board ("IRB") ==		== B. Immigration and Refugee Board ("IRB") ==

	The Immigration and Refugee Board (“IRB”) is an independent tribunal with four distinct divisions. It is responsible for decisions on immigration and refugee matters, such as admissibility hearings, detention reviews, immigration appeals, and more. These are outlined in more detail in [[Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_(18:VII)\|Section VII: The Immigration and Refugee Board]].		The Immigration and Refugee Board (“IRB”) is an independent tribunal with four distinct divisions. It is responsible for decisions on immigration and refugee matters, such as admissibility hearings, detention reviews, immigration appeals, and more. These are outlined in more detail in [[Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_(18:VII)\|Section VII: The Immigration and Refugee Board]].

	== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==		== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==

	Under s 91 of the ''IRPA'', the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.		Under section 91 of the ''IRPA'', the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.

	Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an [https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/imm5476.html ~~IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form]~~. This includes both unpaid and paid parties.		Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form (https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/imm5476.html). This includes both unpaid and paid parties.

	For Federal Court proceedings, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, ~~'''~~only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.		For Federal Court proceedings, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear.

			“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, they may expose themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" by employing ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the ''IRPA'' and ''IRP Regulations'', and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.

	“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, they may expose themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" by employing ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.

	'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''		'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''


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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:33, 3 August 2024
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	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = immigration}}

	== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA ) ==		== A. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) and Canada Border Services Agency ("CBSA") ==

	Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (~~IRCC~~), under the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications. ~~The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings.~~		Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (“IRCC”), under the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, is generally responsible for processing permanent resident and temporary visa applications.

	The ~~difference between~~ the ~~CBSA~~ and ~~IRCC~~ is ~~more complicated than what is outlined in this Chapter~~, and ~~their roles change within Canada's immigration system can change~~.		The Canada Border Services Agency (“CBSA”) under the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness is generally responsible for enforcement, removals, and hearings.

	~~== B~~. ~~Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) ==~~		The difference between the CBSA and IRCC is complicated and involves distinctions beyond what is included in this Chapter. Their roles within Canada’s immigration system can also change.

	The Immigration and Refugee Board is an independent tribunal with four distinct divisions. It is responsible for decisions on immigration and refugee matters, such as admissibility hearings, detention reviews, immigration appeals, and more. These are outlined in more detail ~~below~~ in [[Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_(18:VII)\|Section VII: The Immigration and Refugee Board]].		== B. Immigration and Refugee Board ("IRB") ==

			The Immigration and Refugee Board (“IRB”) is an independent tribunal with four distinct divisions. It is responsible for decisions on immigration and refugee matters, such as admissibility hearings, detention reviews, immigration appeals, and more. These are outlined in more detail in [[Immigration_and_Refugee_Board_(18:VII)\|Section VII: The Immigration and Refugee Board]].

	== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==		== C. Immigration Representatives, Consultants, and “Shadow” or “Ghost” Consultants ==

	Under section 91 of the ''IRPA'', the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.		Under section 91 of the IRPA, the only persons permitted to offer immigration advice or to appear before the Immigration and Refugee Board for consideration (i.e. pay) in relation to an application, are lawyers (and articled students) and members of the College of Immigration and Citizenship Consultants ("CICC"). A person who is not paid may legally provide assistance and advice to an applicant.

	Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form. This includes both unpaid and paid parties.		Any party appearing as a representative to an applicant must complete an IMM5476E "Use of a Representative" form. This includes both unpaid and paid parties.

	For ~~any proceeding in~~ Federal Court, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.		For Federal Court proceedings, such as judicial review of an IRB decision, '''only lawyers and the applicants themselves may appear'''.

	“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, ~~those immigrants are exposing~~ themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" ~~if they employ~~ ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.		“Shadow” or “ghost” consulting refers to the practice of offering immigration-consulting services without proper accreditation. While these consultants are not authorized players in the immigration process, their presence is nevertheless significant, and often harmful. Whether acting within Canada or outside Canada, ghost consultants will never appear in the official record of an application. Since many immigrants are unaware of the regulatory requirement for authorized representation, they may expose themselves to censure and even findings of "misrepresentation" by employing ghost consultants, and IRCC and CBSA will aggressively pursue such findings if given the opportunity. Advocates should be entirely sure of their suspicions of the use of a ghost consultant before revealing this fact to IRCC and prejudicing their client. There are methods for pursuing and censuring ghost consultants provided in the IRPA and IRP Regulations, and clients may also have civil remedies against them in certain situations.

	'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''		'''Refer to the “small claims” chapter for more information on filing complaints or small claims actions against consultants.'''


	{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-23}}		{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters15-23}}