Rights of the Child (6:IX) - Revision history

LSLAP at 19:04, 13 October 2025

2025-10-13T19:04:11Z

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Nate Russell: Nate Russell moved page Rights of the Child (6:VI) to Rights of the Child (6:IX): 2025 LSLAP revision

2025-09-04T22:16:21Z

Nate Russell moved page Rights of the Child (6:VI) to Rights of the Child (6:IX): 2025 LSLAP revision

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LSLAP at 18:38, 21 August 2024

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2024-08-15T03:15:13Z

1. Obligation to Provide Treatment

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	The ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' (s 215) imposes criminal sanctions on parents who fail to provide their children with the necessaries of life until they reach the age of 16. This has been held to include adequate medical treatment, and a court may also extend the duty to an older child who cannot become independent of their parent(s) due to factors including age and illness. Section 218 of the ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' imposes criminal sanctions on any person who abandons or exposes a child less than 10 years of age to the risk of permanent injury, damage to their health, or risk to their life.		The ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' (s 215) imposes criminal sanctions on parents who fail to provide their children with the necessaries of life until they reach the age of 16. This has been held to include adequate medical treatment, and a court may also extend the duty to an older child who cannot become independent of their parent(s) due to factors including age and illness. Section 218 of the ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' imposes criminal sanctions on any person who abandons or exposes a child less than 10 years of age to the risk of permanent injury, damage to their health, or risk to their life.

	Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/consol21/consol21/00_96046_01 Child Family and Community Service Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 46 (CFCSA), children under the age of 19 may be removed if they are deprived of necessary medical attention, but only by a court order (s 29). When a child is removed, emergency medical care can be given at the director’s authorization (s 32). In cases where the only issue is the parents’ refusal of necessary medical attention, the director can apply for a court order authorizing the medical care without removing the child from the parents’ custody (s 29).		Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/consol21/consol21/00_96046_01 Child Family and Community Service Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 46 ("CFCSA"), children under the age of 19 may be removed if they are deprived of necessary medical attention, but only by a court order (s 29). When a child is removed, emergency medical care can be given at the director’s authorization (s 32). In cases where the only issue is the parents’ refusal of necessary medical attention, the director can apply for a court order authorizing the medical care without removing the child from the parents’ custody (s 29).

	=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===		=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===

LSLAP: /* 2. Consent to Treatment */

2024-08-15T03:15:00Z

2. Consent to Treatment

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	=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===		=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===

	In Canadian case law, the courts have found that a minor can consent to treatment as a “mature minor” if that ~~particular~~ person has the mental capacity to understand the nature and risks of that particular treatment (see the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 223, s 17). A minor, who is living away from home, working, or married, may be found to be autonomous, and free from parental control, and thus capable of consenting to or refusing treatment on their own behalf.		In Canadian case law, the courts have found that a minor can consent to treatment as a “mature minor” if that person has the mental capacity to understand the nature and risks of that particular treatment (see the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 223, s 17). A minor, who is living away from home, working, or married, may be found to be autonomous, and free from parental control, and thus capable of consenting to or refusing treatment on their own behalf.

	Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', (s 17), a minor can consent to surgical, medical, mental, or dental treatment without the agreement of their parents, so long as the health care provider has:		Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', (s 17), a minor can consent to surgical, medical, mental, or dental treatment without the agreement of their parents, so long as the health care provider has:

Clicklaw Editor at 21:37, 5 September 2023

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LSLAP at 04:17, 23 August 2023

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	=== 6. Other Concerns ===		=== 6. Other Concerns ===

	The ''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'' states that public schools must be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles (s 76(1)), meaning they cannot be religiously affiliated..		The ''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'' states that public schools must be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles (s 76(1)), meaning they cannot be religiously affiliated. For a case that applies s 76(1) please see [https://canlii.ca/t/jtfql Servatius v Alberni School District No. 70,] 2022 BCCA 421. In this case, a mother claimed that her children’s school had violated their religious freedom after an elder performed a smudging demonstration, and a hoop dancer said a prayer while performing at the children’s school assembly. The BC Court of Appeal ruled that the demonstrations were not religious ceremonies but public demonstrations for the purposes of building community and teaching students about Indigenous culture, practices recommended by Article 15 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP).

	''[https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12680/index.do Moore v British Columbia (Education)]'', 2012 SCC 61 at para 36 determined that the BC government had discriminated against a dyslexic boy when it cut the special needs program during a financial crisis. The Supreme Court of Canada found that he was denied a service customarily available to the public. The service denied was meaningful access to education generally, not specific access to a special needs program. Discrimination was found because the cuts disproportionately affected special needs programs and there was no evidence that the BC government considered other options.		''[https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/12680/index.do Moore v British Columbia (Education)]'', 2012 SCC 61 at para 36 determined that the BC government had discriminated against a dyslexic boy when it cut the special needs program during a financial crisis. The Supreme Court of Canada found that he was denied a service customarily available to the public. The service denied was meaningful access to education generally, not specific access to a special needs program. Discrimination was found because the cuts disproportionately affected special needs programs and there was no evidence that the BC government considered other options.

	Parents are jointly and severally liable for intentional or negligent damage to school property caused by their children (s 10). There is no action against a school board or its employees unless the actionable conduct included dishonesty, gross negligence, malicious or wilful misconduct, or the cause of action is libel or slander (s 94(2)). Note section 94 limits liability, but does not absolve a board from vicarious liability.		Parents are jointly and severally liable for intentional or negligent damage to school property caused by their children (s 10 of the School Act). Please see [https://canlii.ca/t/gfv2m Nanaimo-Ladysmith School District No. 68 v. Dean] 2015 BCSC 11 for an example of parents being held liable for the negligent destruction of school property by their son. In this case, a 14-year-old student attached their friend’s padlock to the head of an overhead sprinkler in their school, which caused the entire sprinkler system to become activated, resulting in extensive damage to the school. Judgement was granted against the parents for $48,630.47 worth of damage.

			There is no action against a school board or its employees unless the actionable conduct included dishonesty, gross negligence, malicious or wilful misconduct, or the cause of action is libel or slander (s 94(2)). Note section 94 limits liability, but does not absolve a board from vicarious liability.

	Any person who believes a child, whether registered or not, is not enrolled in an educational program can make a report to the superintendent of schools (s 14(1)). An action lies against that person only if the report is made maliciously (s 14(3)).		Any person who believes a child, whether registered or not, is not enrolled in an educational program can make a report to the superintendent of schools (s 14(1)). An action lies against that person only if the report is made maliciously (s 14(3)).

	School boards have a duty to provide an educational environment that is free from discriminatory harassment. This rule was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada on October 20, 2005, when it dismissed an application for leave to appeal from a BC Human Rights Tribunal finding of discrimination against a BC school board relating to the homophobic harassment of one of its students (see ''[https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/12398/index.do North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran]'', [2005] SCCA No 260 and [https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcca/doc/2005/2005bcca201/2005bcca201.html North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran], 2005 BCCA 201 at paras 91–102). Note that while the student was found to have been discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation, it was irrelevant whether he identified himself as homosexual, or whether his harassers knew or believed him to be homosexual.		School boards have a duty to provide an educational environment that is free from discriminatory harassment. This rule was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada on October 20, 2005, when it dismissed an application for leave to appeal from a BC Human Rights Tribunal finding of discrimination against a BC school board relating to the homophobic harassment of one of its students (see ''[https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/12398/index.do North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran]'', [2005] SCCA No 260 and [https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcca/doc/2005/2005bcca201/2005bcca201.html North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran], 2005 BCCA 201 at paras 91–102). Note that while the student was found to have been discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation, it was irrelevant whether he identified himself as homosexual, or whether his harassers knew or believed him to be homosexual.

			The Ministry of Education has developed the Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) 123 initiative, to guide educators on instruction about sexual orientation and gender identity. The aim of this initiative is to foster inclusion and respect for students who, because of their identity or expression, may face discrimination while attending school. In [https://canlii.ca/t/jx8k0 Hansman v. Neufeld,] 2023 SCC 14, the Supreme Court of Canada addressed the conflict between freedom of expression and the protection of one’s reputation in the context of a critique of SOGI. In this case, Mr. Neufeld, a public school board trustee, made controversial online posts criticizing SOGI. Mr. Hansman, a gay man and teacher, was prominent amongst the dissenting voices and made statements to the media regarding his opposition to Mr. Neufeld’s views. Mr. Neufeld subsequently filed a defamation suit against Mr. Hansman. The SCC ruled in favour of Mr. Hansman, writing that “Not only does protecting Mr. Hansman’s expression preserve free debate on matters of public interest, it also promotes equality, another fundamental democratic value” (para 9). In this case, the SCC acknowledged that transgender and other 2SLGBTQ+ youth are especially vulnerable to expression like Mr. Neufeld’s that reduces their “worth and dignity in the eyes of society and questions their very identity” (para 9).

	== B. Medical Attention ==		== B. Medical Attention ==
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	=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===		=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===

	In Canadian case law, the courts have found that a minor can consent to treatment as a “mature minor” if that particular person has the mental capacity to understand the nature and risks of that particular treatment (see ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 223, s 17). A minor, who is living away from home, working, or married, may be found to be autonomous, and free from parental control, and thus capable of consenting to or refusing treatment on their own behalf.		In Canadian case law, the courts have found that a minor can consent to treatment as a “mature minor” if that particular person has the mental capacity to understand the nature and risks of that particular treatment (see the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 223, s 17). A minor, who is living away from home, working, or married, may be found to be autonomous, and free from parental control, and thus capable of consenting to or refusing treatment on their own behalf.

	Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', (s 17), a minor can consent to surgical, medical, mental, or dental treatment without the agreement of their parents, so long as the health care provider has:		Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', (s 17), a minor can consent to surgical, medical, mental, or dental treatment without the agreement of their parents, so long as the health care provider has:

Clicklaw Editor at 18:43, 20 December 2022

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Clicklaw Editor at 18:41, 20 December 2022

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	Under section 12 of the ''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', parents are authorized to educate their children at home or elsewhere provided they register their children pursuant to section 13.		Under section 12 of the ''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', parents are authorized to educate their children at home or elsewhere provided they register their children pursuant to section 13.


	=== 2. Discipline ===		=== 2. Discipline ===
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	School boards have a duty to provide an educational environment that is free from discriminatory harassment. This rule was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada on October 20, 2005, when it dismissed an application for leave to appeal from a BC Human Rights Tribunal finding of discrimination against a BC school board relating to the homophobic harassment of one of its students (see ''[https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/12398/index.do North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran]'', [2005] SCCA No 260 and [https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcca/doc/2005/2005bcca201/2005bcca201.html North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran], 2005 BCCA 201 at paras 91–102). Note that while the student was found to have been discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation, it was irrelevant whether he identified himself as homosexual, or whether his harassers knew or believed him to be homosexual.		School boards have a duty to provide an educational environment that is free from discriminatory harassment. This rule was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada on October 20, 2005, when it dismissed an application for leave to appeal from a BC Human Rights Tribunal finding of discrimination against a BC school board relating to the homophobic harassment of one of its students (see ''[https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/12398/index.do North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran]'', [2005] SCCA No 260 and [https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcca/doc/2005/2005bcca201/2005bcca201.html North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran], 2005 BCCA 201 at paras 91–102). Note that while the student was found to have been discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation, it was irrelevant whether he identified himself as homosexual, or whether his harassers knew or believed him to be homosexual.


	== B. Medical Attention ==		== B. Medical Attention ==
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	A court of competent jurisdiction may order medical treatment for any child if the court is satisfied that such treatment is required, and that parental consent is being unreasonably withheld. This is part of the inherent ''parens patriae'' (guardian of persons under a legal disability) jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and is now codified under section 29 of the [https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96046_01 CFCSA].		A court of competent jurisdiction may order medical treatment for any child if the court is satisfied that such treatment is required, and that parental consent is being unreasonably withheld. This is part of the inherent ''parens patriae'' (guardian of persons under a legal disability) jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and is now codified under section 29 of the [https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96046_01 CFCSA].


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Desy Wahyuni at 21:16, 2 December 2021

2021-12-02T21:16:54Z

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	=== 2. Discipline ===		=== 2. Discipline ===

	~~The~~ ''~~[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-8.html#h-115879~~ Criminal Code]'' ~~(s 43) allows a school teacher to use discipline that is reasonable in the circumstances. This section refers to the use of The Criminal Code (s 43)~~ allows a schoolteacher to use discipline that is reasonable in the circumstances. This section refers to the use of reasonable force. The definition of reasonable force is “the substantial social consensus on what is reasonable correction supported by comprehensive and consistent expert evidence on what is reasonable”~~. Please see~~ ''[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2004/2004scc4/2004scc4.html Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada]'', 2004 SCC 4. However, the ''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'' specifically states that discipline of a student must be similar to that of a kind, firm, and judicious parent, ~~but~~ must not include corporal (physical) punishment (s 76(3)).		Section 43 of the ''Criminal Code'' allows a schoolteacher to use discipline that is reasonable in the circumstances. This section refers to the use of reasonable force. The definition of reasonable force is “the substantial social consensus on what is reasonable correction supported by comprehensive and consistent expert evidence on what is reasonable” (''[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2004/2004scc4/2004scc4.html Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada]'', 2004 SCC 4 at para 2). However, the ''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'' specifically states that discipline of a student must be similar to that of a kind, firm, and judicious parent, and must not include corporal (physical) punishment (s 76(3)).

	=== 3. Rights of Parents and Students ===		=== 3. Rights of Parents and Students ===
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	Students and parents have the right to consult with a teacher or administrative officer (''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', ss 4 and 7(2)). As well as having the right to information regarding the attendance, behaviour and progress of their children in school (s 7(1)(a)), parents may request an annual report on the general effectiveness of the program their children are enrolled in, without their children’s consent. They are also entitled to belong to a parent’s advisory council (s 7(1)(c)). The councils can be formed by application to the Board or Minister of Education, and can advise the Board and staff of the school (s 8).		Students and parents have the right to consult with a teacher or administrative officer (''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', ss 4 and 7(2)). As well as having the right to information regarding the attendance, behaviour and progress of their children in school (s 7(1)(a)), parents may request an annual report on the general effectiveness of the program their children are enrolled in, without their children’s consent. They are also entitled to belong to a parent’s advisory council (s 7(1)(c)). The councils can be formed by application to the Board or Minister of Education, and can advise the Board and staff of the school (s 8).

	=== 4.School Records ===		=== 4. School Records ===

	Individual students and their parents are entitled to examine, on request, all records pertaining to that student while accompanied by the principal or a person designated by the principal (''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', s 9). Student records identifying the student will not be released to other parties except when required by law, or if the student or parent consents to the disclosure in writing.		Individual students and their parents are entitled to examine, on request, all records pertaining to that student while accompanied by the principal or a person designated by the principal (''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', s 9). Student records identifying the student will not be released to other parties except when required by law, or if the student or parent consents to the disclosure in writing.
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	=== 5. Language of Instruction ===		=== 5. Language of Instruction ===

	Every student in ~~B.C.~~ is entitled to instruction in English (''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', s 5). However, under the ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-15.html Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]'', students whose parents are citizens of Canada have the right to receive primary and secondary school instruction in either English or French if:		Every student in BC is entitled to instruction in English (''[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/education/administration/legislation-policy/legislation/schoollaw/revisedstatutescontents.pdf School Act]'', s 5). However, under section 23 of the ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-15.html Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]'', students whose parents are citizens of Canada have the right to receive primary and secondary school instruction in either English or French if:
	*their parents’ first language is that of the English or French ~~linguistic~~ minority population of the province in which they reside, and ~~they~~ still understand that language; or		*their parents’ first language is that of the English or French-speaking minority population of the province in which they reside, and their parents still understand that language; or
	*their parents received their primary school instruction in Canada in English or French and the parent resides in a province where the language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English or French ~~linguistic~~ minority population of the province.		*their parents received their primary school instruction in Canada in English or French and the parent resides in a province where the language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English or French-speaking minority population of the province.

	=== 6. Other Concerns ===		=== 6. Other Concerns ===
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	Any person who believes a child, whether registered or not, is not enrolled in an educational program can make a report to the superintendent of schools (s 14(1)). An action lies against that person only if the report is made maliciously (s 14(3)).		Any person who believes a child, whether registered or not, is not enrolled in an educational program can make a report to the superintendent of schools (s 14(1)). An action lies against that person only if the report is made maliciously (s 14(3)).

	School boards have a duty to provide an educational environment that is free from discriminatory harassment. This rule was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada on October 20, 2005, when it dismissed an application for leave to appeal from a BC Human Rights Tribunal finding of discrimination against a BC school board relating to the homophobic harassment of one of its students (see ''[https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/12398/index.do North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran]'', [2005] SCCA No 260 ~~at paras 91–102~~ and [https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcca/doc/2005/2005bcca201/2005bcca201.html North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran], 2005 BCCA 201 at paras 91–102). Note that while the student was found to have been discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation, it was irrelevant whether he identified himself as homosexual, or whether his harassers knew or believed him to be homosexual.		School boards have a duty to provide an educational environment that is free from discriminatory harassment. This rule was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada on October 20, 2005, when it dismissed an application for leave to appeal from a BC Human Rights Tribunal finding of discrimination against a BC school board relating to the homophobic harassment of one of its students (see ''[https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-l-csc-a/en/item/12398/index.do North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran]'', [2005] SCCA No 260 and [https://www.canlii.org/en/bc/bcca/doc/2005/2005bcca201/2005bcca201.html North Vancouver School District No 44 v Jubran], 2005 BCCA 201 at paras 91–102). Note that while the student was found to have been discriminated against on the basis of sexual orientation, it was irrelevant whether he identified himself as homosexual, or whether his harassers knew or believed him to be homosexual.


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	The ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' (s 215) imposes criminal sanctions on parents who fail to provide their children with the necessaries of life until they reach the age of 16. This has been held to include adequate medical treatment, and a court may also extend the duty to an older child who cannot become independent of their parent(s) due to factors including age and illness. Section 218 of the ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' imposes criminal sanctions on any person who abandons or exposes a child less than 10 years of age to the risk of permanent injury, damage to their health, or risk to their life.		The ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' (s 215) imposes criminal sanctions on parents who fail to provide their children with the necessaries of life until they reach the age of 16. This has been held to include adequate medical treatment, and a court may also extend the duty to an older child who cannot become independent of their parent(s) due to factors including age and illness. Section 218 of the ''[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/index.html Criminal Code]'' imposes criminal sanctions on any person who abandons or exposes a child less than 10 years of age to the risk of permanent injury, damage to their health, or risk to their life.

	Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/consol21/consol21/00_96046_01 Child Family and Community Service Act]'', children under the age of 19 may be removed if they are deprived of necessary medical attention, but only by a court order (s 29). ~~Where~~ a child is removed, emergency medical care can be given at the ~~Director’s~~ authorization (s 32). In cases where the only issue is the parents’ refusal of necessary medical attention, the ~~Director~~ can apply for a court order authorizing the medical care without removing the child from the parents’ custody (s 29).		Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/consol21/consol21/00_96046_01 Child Family and Community Service Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 46 (CFCSA), children under the age of 19 may be removed if they are deprived of necessary medical attention, but only by a court order (s 29). When a child is removed, emergency medical care can be given at the director’s authorization (s 32). In cases where the only issue is the parents’ refusal of necessary medical attention, the director can apply for a court order authorizing the medical care without removing the child from the parents’ custody (s 29).

	=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===		=== 2. Consent to Treatment ===

	In Canadian case law, the courts have found that a minor can consent to treatment as a “mature minor” if that particular person has the mental capacity to understand the nature and risks of that particular treatment (see ~~also~~ ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', s 17). A minor, who is living away from home, working, or married, may be found to be autonomous, and free from parental control, and thus capable of consenting to or refusing treatment on their own behalf.		In Canadian case law, the courts have found that a minor can consent to treatment as a “mature minor” if that particular person has the mental capacity to understand the nature and risks of that particular treatment (see ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', RSBC 1996, c 223, s 17). A minor, who is living away from home, working, or married, may be found to be autonomous, and free from parental control, and thus capable of consenting to or refusing treatment on their own behalf.

	Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', (s 17), a minor can consent to surgical, medical, mental, or dental treatment without the agreement of their parents, so long as the health care provider has:		Under the ''[https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96223_01 Infants Act]'', (s 17), a minor can consent to surgical, medical, mental, or dental treatment without the agreement of their parents, so long as the health care provider has: