Victims of Human Trafficking (4:VIII) - Revision history

Nate Russell: 2026 update

2026-09-24T21:50:18Z

2026 update

Nate Russell: Reverted edits by Nate Russell (talk) to last revision by LSLAP

2026-09-24T21:48:51Z

Reverted edits by Nate Russell (talk) to last revision by LSLAP

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:48, 24 September 2026
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= 15 August ~~2026~~}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= 25 August 2025}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}

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	*are accompanied everywhere by someone who speaks for them		*are accompanied everywhere by someone who speaks for them
	*appear to be fearful or and or under the control of another person		*appear to be fearful or and or under the control of another person
	*owe money to their employer or another person who they feel honour-bound to pay		*owe money to their employer or another person who they feel honour bound to pay
	*are unfamiliar with the neighbourhood where they live or work		*are unfamiliar with the neighbourhood where they live or work
	*are not working in the job originally promised to them		*are not working in the job originally promised to them
	*are travelling with minimal or inappropriate luggage/belongings		*are travelling with minimal or inappropriate luggage/belongings
	*lack identification, passport or other travel documents		*lack identification, passport or other travel documents
	*are forced to provide sexual services in a strip club, massage parlour, brothel, or other location		*are forced to provide sexual services in a strip club, massage parlour, brothel or other location

	The publication, [https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.		The publication, [https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.
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	In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the Resources section below for more information on OCTIP.		In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the Resources section below for more information on OCTIP.

	In 2025, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) increased the length of temporary resident permits for out-of-status victims and survivors of human trafficking from 6 months to 12 months. It also waived related fees for victims. ~~This may allow victims to access work, study,~~ and ~~health care while remaining in Canada.~~		== A. Governing Legislation and Resources ==

	The federal statement regarding this update can be found here: ''[https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/news/2025/11/the-government-of-canada-issues-statement-to-mark-the-beginning-of-the-16-days-of-activism-against-gender-based-violence.html The Government of Canada issues a statement to mark the beginning of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence]''		=== 1. Legislation ===

	~~== A. Governing legislation and resources ==~~

	=== 1. Legislation ===

	Human trafficking is an offence under both the ''Criminal Code'' (ss 279.01-279.04), and the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' [''IRPA''] (Part 3).		Human trafficking is an offence under both the ''Criminal Code'' (ss 279.01-279.04), and the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' [''IRPA''] (Part 3).

	Sections 279.01-279.04 of the Criminal Code make it an offence to:		Sections 279.01-279.04 of the Criminal Code make it an offence to:
	#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a ~~minor's~~ movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.		#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a minor’s movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.
	#Benefit materially from human trafficking.		#Benefit materially from human trafficking.
	#Withhold or destroy a ~~person's~~ travel or identification documents, such as a passport or visa, for the purpose of trafficking, or helping to traffic, that person.		#Withhold or destroy a person’s travel or identification documents, such as a passport or visa, for the purpose of trafficking, or helping to traffic, that person.

	Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the Criminal Code in the following terms:		Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the Criminal Code in the following terms:

	"a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or ~~service"~~.		“a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service”.

	In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the standard for establishing intent or knowledge of wrongdoing is subjective; that is, it must be shown that the accused actually intended or knew of the wrongdoing, not simply that a reasonable person would believe they intended or knew of it (s 279.01(2)).		In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the standard for establishing intent or knowledge of wrongdoing is subjective; that is, it must be shown that the accused actually intended or knew of the wrongdoing, not simply that a reasonable person would believe they intended or knew of it (s 279.01(2)).

	Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:		Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:

	#Organize, induce, aid, or abet the coming into Canada of one or more persons knowing that, or being reckless		#Organize, induce, aid, or abet the coming into Canada of one or more persons knowing that, or being reckless as to whether, their coming into Canada is or would be in contravention of IRPA (s 117(1)).
			#Knowingly organize the coming into Canada or one or more persons by means of abduction, fraud, deception, or use of threat of force or coercion (s 118(1)).

			The penalties for the offences in Part 3 of ''IRPA'' include fines of up to $1,000,000 and imprisonment of up to 14 years (where fewer than 10 persons are being smuggled or trafficked) or up to life. Mandatory minimum sentences apply where the person, in committing the offence, endangered the life or safety, or caused bodily harm or death to the persons with respect to whom the offence was committed, and/or if the commission of the offence was for profit or in association with a criminal organization or terrorist group (See ''IRPA'' ss 117(2)-(3)).

			Section 286.1(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' states that it is an offence for anyone in any place to obtain sexual services from a person in exchange for any other goods or services, or to communicate with the intention of doing so. Financial or material benefit from such an offence is also itself an offence under s 286.2 of the ''Criminal Code'', so long as the benefactor is directly or indirectly aware of the source of their benefits. Offences under s 286.2 are often referred to colloquially as “pimping”.

			Offences under s 286.1(1) are punishable by up to 5 years of imprisonment with a minimum fine of $500 to $2,000 depending on whether the offence was committed in a place where minors can reasonably be expected to be present, or whether this was the offender’s first offence. Offences under s 286.2 are punishable by up to 10 years of imprisonment.

			In Canada, victims of human trafficking are not in contravention of the ''Criminal Code'' simply by virtue of having been trafficked or having directly provided sexual services to a solicitor of sexual services. In contrast, solicitors of sexual services, as well as individuals who directly or indirectly benefit from another individual’s provision of such services, may be in contravention of the ''Criminal Code''.


			=== 2. Temporary Resident Permit for Victims of Human Trafficking ===

			Many victims of human trafficking find themselves in Canada without proper documentation and at risk of deportation. To address this issue, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) can issue a special temporary resident permit to victims of human trafficking (This is referred to as the VTIP TRP – Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Temporary Resident Permit). The VTIP TRP gives presumed trafficked persons legal status in Canada and is valid for up to 180 days. Depending on the circumstances of the individual, CIC can even reissue the TRP at the end of the 180-day period. The benefits of the VTIP TRP include access to health care benefits and trauma counselling through the Interim Federal Health Program. A work permit is also issued and in BC, social assistance benefits may be available. A presumed trafficked person with a VTIP TRP is eligible to apply for social assistance benefits. Victims of human trafficking need not testify against their trafficker in order to be eligible for an initial TRP. However, immigration officers will interview an individual in order to decide whether they are eligible for the TRP.

			For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC Temporary Resident Permits webpage at https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html.

			== B. Resources ==

			For information on the signs that a person may have been trafficked; services available to victims of human trafficking, including legal services, health care, shelter, interpretation, and counselling; and links to resources, see https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking.

			=== 1. Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline ===

			The Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline is a confidential, multilingual service, operating 24/7 to connect victims and survivors with social services, law enforcement, and emergency services, as well as receive tips from the public. Their phone number is 1-833-900-1010 and their website can be accessed at https://www.canadianhumantraffickinghotline.ca/.

			=== 2. BC Crime Stoppers ===

			Individuals with information about a crime are able to provide an anonymous tip by calling the tip line at 1 (800) 222-8477 or at http://www.bccrimestoppers.com/leave-a-tip/.

			=== 3. The Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP) ===

			OCTIP joins forces with key provincial ministries, federal departments, municipal governments, law enforcement agencies, community based and aboriginal organizations, in the development and delivery of an integrated and permanent response to human trafficking in B.C. Find more information at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking.

			{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters1-7}}

Nate Russell: 2026 update

2026-09-24T21:29:27Z

2026 update

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:29, 24 September 2026
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	In 2025, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) increased the length of temporary resident permits for out-of-status victims and survivors of human trafficking from 6 months to 12 months. It also waived related fees for victims. This may allow victims to access work, study, and health care while remaining in Canada.		In 2025, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) increased the length of temporary resident permits for out-of-status victims and survivors of human trafficking from 6 months to 12 months. It also waived related fees for victims. This may allow victims to access work, study, and health care while remaining in Canada.

	The federal statement regarding this update can be found here:		The federal statement regarding this update can be found here: ''[https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/news/2025/11/the-government-of-canada-issues-statement-to-mark-the-beginning-of-the-16-days-of-activism-against-gender-based-violence.html The Government of Canada issues a statement to mark the beginning of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence]''

	[https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/news/2025/11/the-government-of-canada-issues-statement-to-mark-the-beginning-of-the-16-days-of-activism-against-gender-based-violence.html ~~Statement~~]

	== A. Governing legislation and resources ==		== A. Governing legislation and resources ==

Nate Russell: 2026 update

2026-09-24T21:18:01Z

2026 update

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:18, 24 September 2026
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= 25 August ~~2025~~}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= 15 August 2026}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}

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	*are accompanied everywhere by someone who speaks for them		*are accompanied everywhere by someone who speaks for them
	*appear to be fearful or and or under the control of another person		*appear to be fearful or and or under the control of another person
	*owe money to their employer or another person who they feel honour bound to pay		*owe money to their employer or another person who they feel honour-bound to pay
	*are unfamiliar with the neighbourhood where they live or work		*are unfamiliar with the neighbourhood where they live or work
	*are not working in the job originally promised to them		*are not working in the job originally promised to them
	*are travelling with minimal or inappropriate luggage/belongings		*are travelling with minimal or inappropriate luggage/belongings
	*lack identification, passport or other travel documents		*lack identification, passport or other travel documents
	*are forced to provide sexual services in a strip club, massage parlour, brothel or other location		*are forced to provide sexual services in a strip club, massage parlour, brothel, or other location

	The publication, [https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.		The publication, [https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.
Line 27:		Line 27:
	In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the Resources section below for more information on OCTIP.		In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the Resources section below for more information on OCTIP.

	~~== A~~. ~~Governing Legislation~~ and ~~Resources ==~~		In 2025, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) increased the length of temporary resident permits for out-of-status victims and survivors of human trafficking from 6 months to 12 months. It also waived related fees for victims. This may allow victims to access work, study, and health care while remaining in Canada.

	=== 1. Legislation ===		The federal statement regarding this update can be found here:

			[https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/news/2025/11/the-government-of-canada-issues-statement-to-mark-the-beginning-of-the-16-days-of-activism-against-gender-based-violence.html Statement]

			== A. Governing legislation and resources ==

			=== 1. Legislation ===

	Human trafficking is an offence under both the ''Criminal Code'' (ss 279.01-279.04), and the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' [''IRPA''] (Part 3).		Human trafficking is an offence under both the ''Criminal Code'' (ss 279.01-279.04), and the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' [''IRPA''] (Part 3).

	Sections 279.01-279.04 of the Criminal Code make it an offence to:		Sections 279.01-279.04 of the Criminal Code make it an offence to:
	#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a ~~minor’s~~ movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.		#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a minor's movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.
	#Benefit materially from human trafficking.		#Benefit materially from human trafficking.
	#Withhold or destroy a ~~person’s~~ travel or identification documents, such as a passport or visa, for the purpose of trafficking, or helping to traffic, that person.		#Withhold or destroy a person's travel or identification documents, such as a passport or visa, for the purpose of trafficking, or helping to traffic, that person.

	Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the Criminal Code in the following terms:		Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the Criminal Code in the following terms:

	“a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or ~~service”~~.		"a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service".

	In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the standard for establishing intent or knowledge of wrongdoing is subjective; that is, it must be shown that the accused actually intended or knew of the wrongdoing, not simply that a reasonable person would believe they intended or knew of it (s 279.01(2)).		In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the standard for establishing intent or knowledge of wrongdoing is subjective; that is, it must be shown that the accused actually intended or knew of the wrongdoing, not simply that a reasonable person would believe they intended or knew of it (s 279.01(2)).

	Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:		Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:

	#Organize, induce, aid, or abet the coming into Canada of one or more persons knowing that, or being reckless ~~as to whether, their coming into Canada is or would be in contravention of IRPA (s 117(1)).~~		#Organize, induce, aid, or abet the coming into Canada of one or more persons knowing that, or being reckless
	~~#Knowingly organize the coming into Canada or one or more persons by means of abduction, fraud, deception, or use of threat of force or coercion (s 118(1)).~~

	The penalties for the offences in Part 3 of ''IRPA'' include fines of up to $1,000,000 and imprisonment of up to 14 years (where fewer than 10 persons are being smuggled or trafficked) or up to life. Mandatory minimum sentences apply where the person, in committing the offence, endangered the life or safety, or caused bodily harm or death to the persons with respect to whom the offence was committed, and/or if the commission of the offence was for profit or in association with a criminal organization or terrorist group (See ''IRPA'' ss 117(2)-(3)).

	Section 286.1(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' states that it is an offence for anyone in any place to obtain sexual services from a person in exchange for any other goods or services, or to communicate with the intention of doing so. Financial or material benefit from such an offence is also itself an offence under s 286.2 of the ''Criminal Code'', so long as the benefactor is directly or indirectly aware of the source of their benefits. Offences under s 286.2 are often referred to colloquially as “pimping”.

	Offences under s 286.1(1) are punishable by up to 5 years of imprisonment with a minimum fine of $500 to $2,000 depending on whether the offence was committed in a place where minors can reasonably be expected to be present, or whether this was the offender’s first offence. Offences under s 286.2 are punishable by up to 10 years of imprisonment.

	In Canada, victims of human trafficking are not in contravention of the ''Criminal Code'' simply by virtue of having been trafficked or having directly provided sexual services to a solicitor of sexual services. In contrast, solicitors of sexual services, as well as individuals who directly or indirectly benefit from another individual’s provision of such services, may be in contravention of the ''Criminal Code''.


	~~=== 2. Temporary Resident Permit for Victims of Human Trafficking ===~~

	Many victims of human trafficking find themselves in Canada without proper documentation and at risk of deportation. To address this issue, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) can issue a special temporary resident permit to victims of human trafficking (This is referred to as the VTIP TRP – Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Temporary Resident Permit). The VTIP TRP gives presumed trafficked persons legal status in Canada and is valid for up to 180 days. Depending on the circumstances of the individual, CIC can even reissue the TRP at the end of the 180-day period. The benefits of the VTIP TRP include access to health care benefits and trauma counselling through the Interim Federal Health Program. A work permit is also issued and in BC, social assistance benefits may be available. A presumed trafficked person with a VTIP TRP is eligible to apply for social assistance benefits. Victims of human trafficking need not testify against their trafficker in order to be eligible for an initial TRP. However, immigration officers will interview an individual in order to decide whether they are eligible for the TRP.

	For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC Temporary Resident Permits webpage at https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html.

	~~== B. Resources ==~~

	For information on the signs that a person may have been trafficked; services available to victims of human trafficking, including legal services, health care, shelter, interpretation, and counselling; and links to resources, see https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking.

	~~=== 1. Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline ===~~

	The Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline is a confidential, multilingual service, operating 24/7 to connect victims and survivors with social services, law enforcement, and emergency services, as well as receive tips from the public. Their phone number is 1-833-900-1010 and their website can be accessed at https://www.canadianhumantraffickinghotline.ca/.

	~~=== 2. BC Crime Stoppers ===~~

	~~Individuals with information about a crime are able to provide an anonymous tip by calling the tip line at 1 (800) 222-8477 or at http://www.bccrimestoppers.com/leave-a-tip/.~~

	~~=== 3. The Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP) ===~~

	OCTIP joins forces with key provincial ministries, federal departments, municipal governments, law enforcement agencies, community based and aboriginal organizations, in the development and delivery of an integrated and permanent response to human trafficking in B.C. Find more information at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking.

	~~{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters1-7}}~~

LSLAP at 18:57, 13 October 2025

2025-10-13T18:57:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 13 October 2025
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= ~~July 13, 2024~~}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= 25 August 2025}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}

LSLAP at 21:42, 17 September 2025

2025-09-17T21:42:49Z

Show changes

LSLAP at 01:40, 26 August 2024

2024-08-26T01:40:02Z

Clicklaw Editor at 18:25, 8 August 2023

2023-08-08T18:25:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 8 August 2023
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	For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC [https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html Temporary Resident Permits webpage]		For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC [https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html Temporary Resident Permits webpage]

	==~~= 3~~. Resources ===		== B. Resources ==

	For information on the signs that a person may have been trafficked; services available to victims of human trafficking, including legal services, health care, shelter, interpretation, and counselling; and links to resources, see [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking Human Trafficking in BC - gov.bc.ca]		For information on the signs that a person may have been trafficked; services available to victims of human trafficking, including legal services, health care, shelter, interpretation, and counselling; and links to resources, see [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking Human Trafficking in BC - gov.bc.ca]
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	[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking '''The Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP)''']		[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking '''The Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP)''']
	* OCTIP joins forces with key provincial ministries, federal departments, municipal governments, law enforcement agencies, community based and aboriginal organizations, in the development and delivery of an integrated and permanent response to human trafficking in B.C.		* OCTIP joins forces with key provincial ministries, federal departments, municipal governments, law enforcement agencies, community based and aboriginal organizations, in the development and delivery of an integrated and permanent response to human trafficking in B.C.



	{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters1-7}}		{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters1-7}}

LSLAP at 22:49, 3 August 2023

2023-08-03T22:49:19Z

Show changes

Clicklaw Editor: /* 1. Legislation */

2022-12-06T23:04:14Z

1. Legislation

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:04, 6 December 2022
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	Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' in the following terms:		Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' in the following terms:

	“a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service”.		:“a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service”.

	In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)).		In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)).

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 24 September 2026
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= 25 August ~~2025~~}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= 15 August 2026}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}

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	*are travelling with minimal or inappropriate luggage/belongings		*are travelling with minimal or inappropriate luggage/belongings
	*lack identification, passport or other travel documents		*lack identification, passport or other travel documents
	*are forced to provide sexual services in a strip club, massage parlour, brothel or other location		*are forced to provide sexual services in a strip club, massage parlour, brothel, or other location

	The publication, [https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.		The publication, [https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.
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	In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the Resources section below for more information on OCTIP.		In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the Resources section below for more information on OCTIP.

			In 2025, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) increased the length of temporary resident permits for out-of-status victims and survivors of human trafficking from 6 months to 12 months. It also waived related fees for victims. This may allow victims to access work, study, and health care while remaining in Canada.

			The federal statement regarding this update can be found here: ''[https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/news/2025/11/the-government-of-canada-issues-statement-to-mark-the-beginning-of-the-16-days-of-activism-against-gender-based-violence.html The Government of Canada issues a statement to mark the beginning of the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence]''

	== A. Governing Legislation and Resources ==		== A. Governing Legislation and Resources ==
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	Sections 279.01-279.04 of the Criminal Code make it an offence to:		Sections 279.01-279.04 of the Criminal Code make it an offence to:
	#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a ~~minor’s~~ movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.		#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a minor's movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.
	#Benefit materially from human trafficking.		#Benefit materially from human trafficking.
	#Withhold or destroy a ~~person’s~~ travel or identification documents, such as a passport or visa, for the purpose of trafficking, or helping to traffic, that person.		#Withhold or destroy a person's travel or identification documents, such as a passport or visa, for the purpose of trafficking, or helping to traffic, that person.

	Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the Criminal Code in the following terms:		Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the Criminal Code in the following terms:

	“a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or ~~service”~~.		"a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service".
	In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the ~~standard~~ for ~~establishing intent or knowledge of wrongdoing~~ is subjective; that is~~, it must be shown that the accused actually intended or knew of the wrongdoing,~~ not ~~simply that~~ a ~~reasonable person would believe they intended or knew of it~~ (s 279.01(2)).		In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the mens rea for human trafficking offences is subjective fault. It is also important to note that consent is not a defence to human trafficking (s 279.01(2)).

	Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:		Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:
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	The penalties for the offences in Part 3 of ''IRPA'' include fines of up to $1,000,000 and imprisonment of up to 14 years (where fewer than 10 persons are being smuggled or trafficked) or up to life. Mandatory minimum sentences apply where the person, in committing the offence, endangered the life or safety, or caused bodily harm or death to the persons with respect to whom the offence was committed, and/or if the commission of the offence was for profit or in association with a criminal organization or terrorist group (See ''IRPA'' ss 117(2)-(3)).		The penalties for the offences in Part 3 of ''IRPA'' include fines of up to $1,000,000 and imprisonment of up to 14 years (where fewer than 10 persons are being smuggled or trafficked) or up to life. Mandatory minimum sentences apply where the person, in committing the offence, endangered the life or safety, or caused bodily harm or death to the persons with respect to whom the offence was committed, and/or if the commission of the offence was for profit or in association with a criminal organization or terrorist group (See ''IRPA'' ss 117(2)-(3)).

	Section 286.1(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' states that it is an offence for anyone in any place to obtain sexual services from a person in exchange for any other goods or services, or to communicate with the intention of doing so. Financial or material benefit from such an offence is also itself an offence under s 286.2 of the ''Criminal Code'', so long as the benefactor is directly or indirectly aware of the source of their benefits. Offences under s 286.2 are often referred to colloquially as ~~“pimping”~~.		Section 286.1(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' states that it is an offence for anyone in any place to obtain sexual services from a person in exchange for any other goods or services, or to communicate with the intention of doing so. Financial or material benefit from such an offence is also itself an offence under s 286.2 of the ''Criminal Code'', so long as the benefactor is directly or indirectly aware of the source of their benefits. Offences under s 286.2 are often referred to colloquially as "pimping".

	Offences under s 286.1(1) are punishable by up to 5 years of imprisonment with a minimum fine of $500 to $2,000 depending on whether the offence was committed in a place where minors can reasonably be expected to be present, or whether this was the ~~offender’s~~ first offence. Offences under s 286.2 are punishable by up to 10 years of imprisonment.		Offences under s 286.1(1) are punishable by up to 5 years of imprisonment with a minimum fine of $500 to $2,000 depending on whether the offence was committed in a place where minors can reasonably be expected to be present, or whether this was the offender's first offence. Offences under s 286.2 are punishable by up to 10 years of imprisonment.

	In Canada, victims of human trafficking are not in contravention of the ''Criminal Code'' simply by virtue of having been trafficked or having directly provided sexual services to a solicitor of sexual services. In contrast, solicitors of sexual services, as well as individuals who directly or indirectly benefit from another ~~individual’s~~ provision of such services, may be in contravention of the ''Criminal Code''.		In Canada, victims of human trafficking are not in contravention of the ''Criminal Code'' simply by virtue of having been trafficked or having directly provided sexual services to a solicitor of sexual services. In contrast, solicitors of sexual services, as well as individuals who directly or indirectly benefit from another individual's provision of such services, may be in contravention of the ''Criminal Code''.


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	Many victims of human trafficking find themselves in Canada without proper documentation and at risk of deportation. To address this issue, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) can issue a special temporary resident permit to victims of human trafficking (This is referred to as the VTIP TRP – Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Temporary Resident Permit). The VTIP TRP gives presumed trafficked persons legal status in Canada and is valid for up to 180 days. Depending on the circumstances of the individual, CIC can even reissue the TRP at the end of the 180-day period. The benefits of the VTIP TRP include access to health care benefits and trauma counselling through the Interim Federal Health Program. A work permit is also issued and in BC, social assistance benefits may be available. A presumed trafficked person with a VTIP TRP is eligible to apply for social assistance benefits. Victims of human trafficking need not testify against their trafficker in order to be eligible for an initial TRP. However, immigration officers will interview an individual in order to decide whether they are eligible for the TRP.		Many victims of human trafficking find themselves in Canada without proper documentation and at risk of deportation. To address this issue, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) can issue a special temporary resident permit to victims of human trafficking (This is referred to as the VTIP TRP – Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Temporary Resident Permit). The VTIP TRP gives presumed trafficked persons legal status in Canada and is valid for up to 180 days. Depending on the circumstances of the individual, CIC can even reissue the TRP at the end of the 180-day period. The benefits of the VTIP TRP include access to health care benefits and trauma counselling through the Interim Federal Health Program. A work permit is also issued and in BC, social assistance benefits may be available. A presumed trafficked person with a VTIP TRP is eligible to apply for social assistance benefits. Victims of human trafficking need not testify against their trafficker in order to be eligible for an initial TRP. However, immigration officers will interview an individual in order to decide whether they are eligible for the TRP.

	For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC Temporary Resident Permits webpage at https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html.		For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC Temporary Resident Permits webpage.

	== B. Resources ==		== B. Resources ==

	For information on the signs that a person may have been trafficked; services available to victims of human trafficking, including legal services, health care, shelter, interpretation, and counselling; and links to resources, see https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking.		For information on the signs that a person may have been trafficked; services available to victims of human trafficking, including legal services, health care, shelter, interpretation, and counselling; and links to resources, see [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking Human Trafficking in B.C.].

	=== 1. Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline ===		=== 1. Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline ===

	The Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline is a confidential, multilingual service, operating 24/7 to connect victims and survivors with social services, law enforcement, and emergency services, as well as receive tips from the public. Their phone number is 1-833-900-1010 and their website can be accessed at https://www.canadianhumantraffickinghotline.ca/.		The Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline is a confidential, multilingual service, operating 24/7 to connect victims and survivors with social services, law enforcement, and emergency services, as well as receive tips from the public. Their phone number is 1-833-900-1010 and their website can be accessed at [https://www.canadianhumantraffickinghotline.ca/ Canadian Human Trafficking Hotline].

	=== 2. BC Crime Stoppers ===		=== 2. BC Crime Stoppers ===

	Individuals with information about a crime are able to provide an anonymous tip by calling the tip line at 1 (800) 222-8477 or at http://www.bccrimestoppers.com/leave-a-tip/.		Individuals with information about a crime are able to provide an anonymous tip by calling the tip line at 1 (800) 222-8477 or at [http://www.bccrimestoppers.com/leave-a-tip/ Leave a Tip].

	=== 3. The Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP) ===		=== 3. The Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP) ===

	OCTIP joins forces with key provincial ministries, federal departments, municipal governments, law enforcement agencies, community based and aboriginal organizations, in the development and delivery of an integrated and permanent response to human trafficking in B.C. Find more information at: https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking.		OCTIP joins forces with key provincial ministries, federal departments, municipal governments, law enforcement agencies, community based and aboriginal organizations, in the development and delivery of an integrated and permanent response to human trafficking in B.C. Find more information at: [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking/about-us Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons].

	{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters1-7}}		{{LSLAP Manual Navbox\|type=chapters1-7}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:40, 26 August 2024
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	{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= ~~August 3~~, ~~2023~~}}		{{REVIEWED LSLAP \| date= July 13, 2024}}
	{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}		{{LSLAP Manual TOC\|expanded = victims}}

	Human trafficking is a complex and multifaceted crime that can occur both domestically and internationally. The victims of human trafficking are deprived of their basic rights to freedom and movement. Thus, human trafficking is often described as modern day slavery. Each case of human trafficking varies, and subsequently differs for each individual person.		Human trafficking is a complex and multifaceted crime that can occur both domestically and internationally. The victims of human trafficking are deprived of their basic rights to freedom and movement. Thus, human trafficking is often described as modern day slavery. Each case of human trafficking varies, and subsequently differs for each individual person.

	The publication [http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.		The publication [http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf Human Trafficking Indicators] from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime provides a comprehensive list of indicators that a person may be trafficked.

	Despite the severity of the offence, human trafficking convictions are rare. This may be in part due to the complexity and subtleties of trafficking operations as well as reluctance on the part of victims to come forward. Victims may not come forward for a variety of reasons, including being fearful of their lives or having limited language skills.		Despite the severity of the offence, human trafficking convictions are rare. This may be in part due to the complexity and subtleties of trafficking operations as well as reluctance on the part of victims to come forward. Victims may not come forward for a variety of reasons, including being fearful of their lives or having limited language skills.

	In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the '''Resources''' section below for more information on OCTIP.		In 2007, BC established the Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons (OCTIP). OCTIP is part of the Victim Services and Crime Prevention Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. OCTIP develops and coordinates strategies to address human trafficking within the province. OCTIP takes a human rights approach that focuses on the rights and needs of trafficked persons. This approach gives back control to the trafficked person by offering information, referrals, support and assistance, but allows the trafficked person to make decisions and choices for themselves. Law enforcement and Crown Counsel prosecute human trafficking cases in BC. See the '''Resources''' section below for more information on OCTIP.

	== A. Governing Legislation and Resources ==		== A. Governing Legislation and Resources ==
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	Human trafficking is an offence under both the ''Criminal Code'' (ss 279.01-279.04), and the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' [''IRPA''] (Part 3).		Human trafficking is an offence under both the ''Criminal Code'' (ss 279.01-279.04), and the ''Immigration and Refugee Protection Act'' [''IRPA''] (Part 3).

	Sections 279.01-279.04 of the ''Criminal Code'' make it an offence to:		Sections 279.01-279.04 of the ''Criminal Code'' make it an offence to:
	#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a minor’s movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.		#Recruit, transport, transfer, receive, hold or hide a person, or exercise control, direction or influence over an adult or a minor’s movement for the purpose of exploiting or facilitating the exploitation of that person.
	#Benefit materially from human trafficking.		#Benefit materially from human trafficking.

	Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' in the following terms:		Exploitation is defined in s 279.04(1) of the ''Criminal Code'' in the following terms:

	:“a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service”.		:“a person exploits another person if they cause them to provide, or offer to provide labour or a service by engaging in conduct that, in all the circumstances, could reasonably be expected to cause the other person to believe that their safety or the safety of a person known to them would be threatened if they failed to provide, or offer to provide, the labour or service”.

	In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the ''mens rea'' for human trafficking offences is subjective fault. It is also important to note that consent is not a defence to human trafficking (s 279.01(2)).		In order to determine whether an accused exploited another person, the court may consider whether the accused (a) used or threatened to use force or coercion; (b) used deception; or (c) abused a position of trust, power or authority (s 279.04(2)). Because of the high stigma and severe penalties resulting from a conviction, the ''mens rea'' for human trafficking offences is subjective fault. It is also important to note that consent is not a defence to human trafficking (s 279.01(2)).

	Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:		Part 3 of ''IRPA'' applies to smuggling and trafficking of persons from another country into Canada. Sections 117 and 118 make it an offence to:
	#Organize, induce, aid or abet the coming into Canada of one or more persons knowing that, or being reckless as to whether, their coming into Canada is or would be in contravention of ''IRPA'' (s 117(1)).		#Organize, induce, aid or abet the coming into Canada of one or more persons knowing that, or being reckless as to whether, their coming into Canada is or would be in contravention of ''IRPA'' (s 117(1)).
	#Knowingly organize the coming into Canada or one or more persons by means of abduction, fraud, deception or use of threat of force or coercion (s 118(1)).		#Knowingly organize the coming into Canada or one or more persons by means of abduction, fraud, deception or use of threat of force or coercion (s 118(1)).

	The penalties for the offences in Part 3 of ''IRPA'' include fines of up to $1,000,000 and imprisonment of up to 14 years (where fewer than 10 persons are being smuggled or trafficked) or up to life. Mandatory minimum sentences apply where the person, in committing the offence, endangered the life or safety, or caused bodily harm or death to the persons with respect to whom the offence was committed, and/or if the commission of the offence was for profit or in association with a criminal organization or terrorist group (See ''IRPA'' ss 117(2)-(3)).		The penalties for the offences in Part 3 of ''IRPA'' include fines of up to $1,000,000 and imprisonment of up to 14 years (where fewer than 10 persons are being smuggled or trafficked) or up to life. Mandatory minimum sentences apply where the person, in committing the offence, endangered the life or safety, or caused bodily harm or death to the persons with respect to whom the offence was committed, and/or if the commission of the offence was for profit or in association with a criminal organization or terrorist group (See ''IRPA'' ss 117(2)-(3)).

	=== 2. Temporary Resident Permit for Victims of Human Trafficking ===		=== 2. Temporary Resident Permit for Victims of Human Trafficking ===

	Many victims of human trafficking find themselves in Canada without proper documentation and at risk of deportation. To address this issue, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) can issue a special temporary resident permit to victims of human trafficking (This is referred to as the VTIP TRP – Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Temporary Resident Permit). The VTIP TRP gives presumed trafficked persons legal status in Canada and is valid for up to 180 days. Depending on the circumstances of the individual, CIC can even reissue the TRP at the end of the 180-day period. The benefits of the VTIP TRP include access to health care benefits and trauma counselling through the Interim Federal Health Program. A work permit is also issued and in BC, social assistance benefits may be available. A presumed trafficked person with a VTIP TRP is eligible to apply for social assistance benefits. Victims of human trafficking need not testify against their trafficker in order to be eligible for an initial TRP. However, immigration officers will interview an individual in order to decide whether they are eligible for the TRP.		Many victims of human trafficking find themselves in Canada without proper documentation and at risk of deportation. To address this issue, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) can issue a special temporary resident permit to victims of human trafficking (This is referred to as the VTIP TRP – Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Temporary Resident Permit). The VTIP TRP gives presumed trafficked persons legal status in Canada and is valid for up to 180 days. Depending on the circumstances of the individual, CIC can even reissue the TRP at the end of the 180-day period. The benefits of the VTIP TRP include access to health care benefits and trauma counselling through the Interim Federal Health Program. A work permit is also issued and in BC, social assistance benefits may be available. A presumed trafficked person with a VTIP TRP is eligible to apply for social assistance benefits. Victims of human trafficking need not testify against their trafficker in order to be eligible for an initial TRP. However, immigration officers will interview an individual in order to decide whether they are eligible for the TRP.

	For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC [https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html Temporary Resident Permits webpage]		For more information about obtaining a VTIP TRP, call CIC at 1-888-242 2100 or visit the IRCC [https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/permits/considerations-specific-victims-human-trafficking.html Temporary Resident Permits webpage]