Difference between revisions of "Charter Rights: Overview"

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{{REVIEWEDPLS | reviewer = [https://www.vancrimlaw.com/Lawyers/Brock-Martland-QC.shtml Brock Martland], Martland & Saulnier|date= July 2018}} {{Dial-A-Law TOC|expanded = rights}}
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The ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' is one of Canada’s most important laws. Learn the key rights and freedoms protected by the Charter and how to enforce your Charter rights.
==What you should know==


==The Charter protects several rights and freedoms==
===The Charter protects a broad range of rights and freedoms===
The ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' is part of Canada’s Constitution. It protects a broad range of rights and freedoms. If a court decides that a law, or part of a law, violates one of those rights or freedoms, and the government cannot justify the violation under section 1, that law is not valid − unless the Canadian Parliament or a provincial legislature says that it operates in spite of (or notwithstanding) the Charter. (Check script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Legal Rights (Script 230)|230]] for details of the “notwithstanding clause”.) Both the Constitution and the Charter are on the Canadian government website at http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const.
The [https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/schedule-b-to-the-canada-act-1982-uk-1982-c-11/latest/schedule-b-to-the-canada-act-1982-uk-1982-c-11.html ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms''] is part of Canada’s Constitution and protects a broad range of rights and freedoms.


==Equality Rights in the Charter==
The Charter guarantees certain '''fundamental freedoms''':
Section 15 guarantees equal benefit and protection of the law to people, saying:
#Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability.
#Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability


==Section 15 applies to government, not the private sector==
* freedom of conscience and religion
You can’t use section 15 to challenge every inequality in life. The Charter controls laws and other government actions. It doesn’t control private citizens, businesses, or organizations. Before you can claim the protection of section 15, you must show that you are being treated unequally by a law or by the action of a government official or department or some agency very closely connected to government, such as a school board or labour relations board. If a private individual, organization, or company violates your rights, you may be able to complain under the BC ''Human Rights Code'' or the ''Canadian Human Rights Act''. For more information on this, check script [[Human Rights and Discrimination Protection (Script 236)|236]] on “Human Rights and Discrimination Protection”, and script [[Protection Against Job Discrimination (Script 270)|270]] on “Protection Against Job Discrimination”.
* freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication
* freedom of peaceful assembly
* freedom of association


==Section 15 protects people, not companies==
The Charter guarantees '''democratic rights'''. It gives every Canadian citizen the right to vote in federal and provincial elections. It sets the maximum time between elections.
Courts have said that section 15 protects people, not companies or other artificial persons, because it gives the right to equality to “every individual”.


=The Supreme Court of Canada’s approach to equality==
The Charter guarantees '''mobility rights'''. It gives every citizen the right to enter, remain in, and leave Canada. It gives everyone the right to move to and pursue a living in any province.
Section 15 does not require everyone to be treated the same way regardless of different circumstances. Showing that the government or the law is treating you differently, or showing that a law that appears to treat people the same way actually treats members of a particular group differently, is just one step in showing a violation of section 15 equality rights.


You also need to show that section 15 applies to the different treatment you received. Section 15 prohibits discrimination because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability. It also prohibits discrimination on “analogous” grounds—meaning comparable grounds not listed in section 15. The Courts have said that something “analogous” is a personal characteristic that you can’t change at all, or you can’t change without great personal cost or difficulty—like sexual orientation or citizenship.
The Charter guarantees a number of '''legal rights''', including the right to:


The Supreme Court has said that the central purpose of section 15 is to promote “substantive equality” by fighting discrimination. So in addition, courts will focus on whether the law or government action is discriminatory in creating a disadvantage by perpetuating (or indefinitely continuing) prejudice or stereotyping.
* life, liberty and security of the person
* be secure against unreasonable search or seizure
* not be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned
* be informed promptly of the reasons for any arrest or detention
* have a lawyer, if you are arrested
* be presumed innocent until proven guilty in a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal, if you are charged with a crime
* not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment
* not have evidence you give be used against you


Section 15 allows affirmative action programs
The Charter guarantees '''equality rights'''. It says everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection of the law, without discrimination. It highlights the right to be free of discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability.
Some differences in treatment may not violate section 15. Courts have said that equality may require different treatment for different groups. Section 15(2) protects “affirmative action programs.It says that laws or government programs designed to improve the conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups do not violate section 15. So governments can set up programs to help people or groups disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.


==Section 1 allows reasonable limits on Charter Rights==
The Charter also makes English and French the '''official languages of Canada'''.
Charter rights and freedoms are not absolute. The Charter and the courts recognize that governments make laws in the broader public interest, even if a law harms some groups and violates their right to equality under section 15. In such a case, a court will analyze whether the government can justify the violation under section 1. This section says that Charter rights and freedoms are subject to reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably (clearly) justified in a free and democratic society. A court may accept and permit a violation of a Charter right if the government can meet the test under section 1. But section 1 applies only to written laws, not to government action, because it requires any limit on a Charter right to be “prescribed by law.” So when government action—not a written law— violates the Charter, section 1 does not let the government try to justify the violation. The action is unconstitutional.


The essential questions courts must decide under section 1 are whether the law has a very important objective and whether the government chose a proportionate way to meet that objective—a way that interferes as little as possible with constitutional rights. For example, could the government achieve its objective in another way, without violating equality rights? Does the law do more harm than good?
{| class="wikitable"
|align="left"|'''Tip'''
For more detail on legal and equality rights under the Charter, see our information on [[Charter Rights: Legal Rights|legal rights]] and [[Charter Rights: Equality Rights|equality rights]].
|}
===Charter rights and freedoms are not absolute===
The Charter itself recognizes that some laws might violate the Charter yet be justifiable in the broader public interest. Where a law violates a Charter right, a government can try to justify the violation as a '''reasonable limit''' under section 1 of the Charter. Under that section, a reasonable limit needs to be “prescribed by law” and “demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."


==Remedies if Charter Rights violated==
If a government tries to rely on section 1 to justify a Charter violation, a court can decide if the violation is a reasonable limit. The court will look at whether the law has an important objective, and whether the government chose a proportionate way to meet that objective — a way that interferes as little as possible with Charter rights. For example, could the government achieve its objective in another way, without violating Charter rights? Does the law do more harm than good?
Section 52(1) of the ''Constitution Act'', 1982 says that any law inconsistent with the Constitution is of no force or effect. Section 24 of the Charter allows a person whose rights have been violated to apply to a court for a personal remedy the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. The law gives courts a lot of discretion about the kind of remedies they can order if a Charter right is violated. The type of remedies a court orders often depends on the type of Charter right that is violated. Check script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview (Script 230)|230]] for more on remedies.


For more information, refer to the Charter itself, script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Legal Rights (Script 200)|200]], called “Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Legal Rights”, and script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview (Script 230)|230]], called “Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview”.
Section 1 applies only to written laws. It does not apply to '''government actions'''. Examples of government actions would be the actions of a police officer in making an arrest, or a decision by a government department to deny benefits. In these situations, where a government action violates the Charter, section 1 does not let the government try to justify the violation. The action is unconstitutional. Lawyers call this a Charter breach.


===The Charter includes a “notwithstanding” clause===
If a law cannot be justified as a reasonable limit on a right or freedom, a federal or provincial government can try to declare that the law operates '''notwithstanding''' the Charter. The Canadian Parliament has never used this notwithstanding clause, but Quebec, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Yukon have done so.


[updated July 2014]
===The Charter applies to government, not the private sector===
You can’t rely on the Charter to challenge every violation of your rights. The Charter controls '''laws''' and '''government actions'''. It doesn’t control private citizens, businesses, or organizations. Before you can claim the Charter’s protection, you must show that the government, or some agency very closely connected to government, such as a school board or labour relations board, violated your rights.


If a private individual, organization, or company violates your rights, you may be able to assert a claim under human rights law. Depending on the situation, you might be able to rely on the BC ''Human Rights Code'' or the Canadian ''Human Rights Act''. For more, see our information on [[Human Rights and Discrimination Protection|human rights and discrimination protection]], and [https://dialalaw.peopleslawschool.ca/job-discrimination/ protection against job discrimination].


----
==To enforce your Charter rights==
----
Canadian courts interpret and enforce the Charter. Courts have the power to strike down and invalidate laws or government actions. They will do so if necessary to defend a protected right or freedom. If you think a provincial or federal law or action violates your Charter rights, you can ask a court to strike down the law or grant another '''remedy'''. A remedy is a court order to give someone their legal rights or to compensate them for their rights not being respected.


What a court can do depends on what you ask for. You may ask a court to declare that your personal rights have been violated, or to give you a personal remedy. In criminal cases, for example, an accused person can ask the court to end the trial or to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Charter.


Or you may ask a court for a general remedy not specific to your case, such as striking down a law entirely.
In considering a Charter challenge, the court will generally assess two questions.
====First, were your rights under the Charter violated?====
You have to show the court that one of your Charter rights was violated. This usually means persuading the judge that a law or government action violated a specific Charter right. For example, you might complain that a law restricting what signs you can put in your window violates freedom of expression. If you prove a violation, the court will move on to a second question.
====Second, can the government justify the law as a reasonable limit?====
If a court finds the government violated your rights, the next step depends on what caused the violation: was it a written law, or was it an action by government? If government action caused the violation, the government does not get a chance to justify the violation.
If a written law violated your rights, the court will then consider whether the government can justify the violation as a reasonable limit under section 1 of the Charter. Charter rights are balanced against the rights of others and the interests of society. The court will consider: Is the violation reasonable and justified in a free and democratic society? To decide that, the court looks at several things, including whether the benefits of the law are significant enough to justify violating a Charter right, and whether the government could have achieved its objectives in some other way that did not violate anyone’s rights or freedoms.
Typically, the government tries to show the law’s objective is important to Canadian society, and the violation of Charter rights is minimal. The more severe the violation, the harder it is for government to justify it. Charter cases can be hard to resolve because courts have to consider and balance many competing interests. The court must go beyond the narrow facts of one case and consider the competing interests in relation to a law and how it operates for society.
==Remedies if a Charter right is violated==
If you prove a violation of a Charter right, and the government cannot justify the violation as a reasonable limit under section 1, the next question is what kind of remedy or consequence is appropriate. Different kinds of remedies apply to different types of cases.
In some cases, a broad remedy may be necessary, such as declaring that a law is unconstitutional. This is often referred to as ”striking down a law." For example, if the government passed a law that discriminated based on gender, the court could strike down the law, giving a remedy that helps everyone affected by the law.
In other cases, an individual (personal) remedy is ordered. Section 24 of the Charter allows a person whose rights have been violated to apply to a court for a remedy the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. If a government official took the action — for example, a police officer conducted an unreasonable search — the court will often give an individual remedy that helps only the person whose rights were violated. The court may say that (for example) drugs found during an illegal search can’t be used as evidence in the accused person’s criminal trial. This helps the accused person, but it doesn’t change the law for anyone else.
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Latest revision as of 06:15, 10 November 2020

This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by Brock Martland, Martland & Saulnier in July 2018.

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is one of Canada’s most important laws. Learn the key rights and freedoms protected by the Charter and how to enforce your Charter rights.

What you should know

The Charter protects a broad range of rights and freedoms

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of Canada’s Constitution and protects a broad range of rights and freedoms.

The Charter guarantees certain fundamental freedoms:

  • freedom of conscience and religion
  • freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication
  • freedom of peaceful assembly
  • freedom of association

The Charter guarantees democratic rights. It gives every Canadian citizen the right to vote in federal and provincial elections. It sets the maximum time between elections.

The Charter guarantees mobility rights. It gives every citizen the right to enter, remain in, and leave Canada. It gives everyone the right to move to and pursue a living in any province.

The Charter guarantees a number of legal rights, including the right to:

  • life, liberty and security of the person
  • be secure against unreasonable search or seizure
  • not be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned
  • be informed promptly of the reasons for any arrest or detention
  • have a lawyer, if you are arrested
  • be presumed innocent until proven guilty in a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal, if you are charged with a crime
  • not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment
  • not have evidence you give be used against you

The Charter guarantees equality rights. It says everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection of the law, without discrimination. It highlights the right to be free of discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability.

The Charter also makes English and French the official languages of Canada.

Tip

For more detail on legal and equality rights under the Charter, see our information on legal rights and equality rights.

Charter rights and freedoms are not absolute

The Charter itself recognizes that some laws might violate the Charter yet be justifiable in the broader public interest. Where a law violates a Charter right, a government can try to justify the violation as a reasonable limit under section 1 of the Charter. Under that section, a reasonable limit needs to be “prescribed by law” and “demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."

If a government tries to rely on section 1 to justify a Charter violation, a court can decide if the violation is a reasonable limit. The court will look at whether the law has an important objective, and whether the government chose a proportionate way to meet that objective — a way that interferes as little as possible with Charter rights. For example, could the government achieve its objective in another way, without violating Charter rights? Does the law do more harm than good?

Section 1 applies only to written laws. It does not apply to government actions. Examples of government actions would be the actions of a police officer in making an arrest, or a decision by a government department to deny benefits. In these situations, where a government action violates the Charter, section 1 does not let the government try to justify the violation. The action is unconstitutional. Lawyers call this a Charter breach.

The Charter includes a “notwithstanding” clause

If a law cannot be justified as a reasonable limit on a right or freedom, a federal or provincial government can try to declare that the law operates notwithstanding the Charter. The Canadian Parliament has never used this notwithstanding clause, but Quebec, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Yukon have done so.

The Charter applies to government, not the private sector

You can’t rely on the Charter to challenge every violation of your rights. The Charter controls laws and government actions. It doesn’t control private citizens, businesses, or organizations. Before you can claim the Charter’s protection, you must show that the government, or some agency very closely connected to government, such as a school board or labour relations board, violated your rights.

If a private individual, organization, or company violates your rights, you may be able to assert a claim under human rights law. Depending on the situation, you might be able to rely on the BC Human Rights Code or the Canadian Human Rights Act. For more, see our information on human rights and discrimination protection, and protection against job discrimination.

To enforce your Charter rights

Canadian courts interpret and enforce the Charter. Courts have the power to strike down and invalidate laws or government actions. They will do so if necessary to defend a protected right or freedom. If you think a provincial or federal law or action violates your Charter rights, you can ask a court to strike down the law or grant another remedy. A remedy is a court order to give someone their legal rights or to compensate them for their rights not being respected.

What a court can do depends on what you ask for. You may ask a court to declare that your personal rights have been violated, or to give you a personal remedy. In criminal cases, for example, an accused person can ask the court to end the trial or to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the Charter.

Or you may ask a court for a general remedy not specific to your case, such as striking down a law entirely.

In considering a Charter challenge, the court will generally assess two questions.

First, were your rights under the Charter violated?

You have to show the court that one of your Charter rights was violated. This usually means persuading the judge that a law or government action violated a specific Charter right. For example, you might complain that a law restricting what signs you can put in your window violates freedom of expression. If you prove a violation, the court will move on to a second question.

Second, can the government justify the law as a reasonable limit?

If a court finds the government violated your rights, the next step depends on what caused the violation: was it a written law, or was it an action by government? If government action caused the violation, the government does not get a chance to justify the violation.

If a written law violated your rights, the court will then consider whether the government can justify the violation as a reasonable limit under section 1 of the Charter. Charter rights are balanced against the rights of others and the interests of society. The court will consider: Is the violation reasonable and justified in a free and democratic society? To decide that, the court looks at several things, including whether the benefits of the law are significant enough to justify violating a Charter right, and whether the government could have achieved its objectives in some other way that did not violate anyone’s rights or freedoms.

Typically, the government tries to show the law’s objective is important to Canadian society, and the violation of Charter rights is minimal. The more severe the violation, the harder it is for government to justify it. Charter cases can be hard to resolve because courts have to consider and balance many competing interests. The court must go beyond the narrow facts of one case and consider the competing interests in relation to a law and how it operates for society.

Remedies if a Charter right is violated

If you prove a violation of a Charter right, and the government cannot justify the violation as a reasonable limit under section 1, the next question is what kind of remedy or consequence is appropriate. Different kinds of remedies apply to different types of cases.

In some cases, a broad remedy may be necessary, such as declaring that a law is unconstitutional. This is often referred to as ”striking down a law." For example, if the government passed a law that discriminated based on gender, the court could strike down the law, giving a remedy that helps everyone affected by the law.

In other cases, an individual (personal) remedy is ordered. Section 24 of the Charter allows a person whose rights have been violated to apply to a court for a remedy the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. If a government official took the action — for example, a police officer conducted an unreasonable search — the court will often give an individual remedy that helps only the person whose rights were violated. The court may say that (for example) drugs found during an illegal search can’t be used as evidence in the accused person’s criminal trial. This helps the accused person, but it doesn’t change the law for anyone else.

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