Difference between revisions of "Grandparents and Extended Family Members"

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{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC|expanded = relationships}}{{JPBOFL Editor Badge
{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC|expanded = relationships}}
|ChapterEditors = [[Stephen Wright]] and [[Michael Sinclair]]
}}
{{Clicklawbadge
{{Clicklawbadge
| resourcetype = <br/>a resource for<br/>
| resourcetype = <br/>a resource for<br/>
| link        = [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/helpmap/service/1133 Grandparents raising <br/> grandchildren]<br/>'''and information on'''<br/>[http://clicklaw.bc.ca/question/commonquestion/1118 Benefits for grandparents <br/>raising grandchildren]
| link        = [https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/helpmap/service/1133 Grandparents raising <br/> grandchildren]<br/>'''and information on'''<br/>[https://clicklaw.bc.ca/question/commonquestion/1118 Benefits for grandparents <br/>raising grandchildren]
}}  
}}People other than a child's parents can also have a legal relationship with a child. Typically, these people are a child's blood relatives — grandparents, aunts, uncles, and so forth — ,although there's no reason why someone else, like an unrelated long-term caregiver or a neighbour, couldn't also have an interest in the care and well-being of a child, or in having time with a child on a regular basis.  
 
People other than a child's parents can also have a legal interest in a child. Typically, these people are a child's blood relatives — grandparents, aunts, uncles and so forth — although there's no reason why someone else, like an unrelated long-term caregiver or a neighbour, couldn't also have an interest in the care and well-being of a child, or in having time with a child.  


This section talks about the claims a child's caregivers and extended family members can make to guardianship of a child, contact with a child, and child support.
This section talks about the claims a child's caregivers and extended family members can make to guardianship of a child, contact with a child, and child support.
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Grandparents and other people who are not parents normally become involved in court proceedings dealing with children, as parties in their own right, in only a few situations:
Grandparents and other people who are not parents normally become involved in court proceedings dealing with children in only a few situations:


*where one or both of the guardians of the children are dead,  
*where one or both of the guardians of the children are dead,  
*where one or both of the guardians have abandoned the children or the care of the children,
*where one or both of the guardians have abandoned the children or the care of the children,
*where there are serious concerns about the fitness of the guardians to care for the children, or
*where there are serious concerns about the ability of the guardians to care for the children, or
*where they are being denied time or involvement with the children.
*where they are being denied time or involvement with the children.


Their concerns are usually about supervising the parenting of the children or getting a schedule in place that will let them see the children on a regular basis.
Their concerns are usually about supervising or managing the parenting of the children, or about getting a schedule in place that will let them see the children on a regular basis.


Two laws might apply to caregivers and extended family members who are seeking guardianship of or contact with children. Where the children's parents are already in court about the children, that might be the federal ''[[Divorce Act]]'' if the parents are or were married, or the provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]'' whether they were married or not. If the children's parents are not involved in a court proceeding between each other, it will be the ''Family Law Act''.
Two laws might apply to caregivers and extended family members who are seeking orders about parenting the children or having time with them. Where the children's parents are already in court about the children, that might be the federal ''[[Divorce Act]]'' if the parents are or were married, or the provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]'', whether they were married or not. If the children's parents are not involved in a court proceeding between each other, it will be the ''Family Law Act''.


Each law has different rules about how and when people other than parents can apply for orders about children, and it's important to understand which law might be applicable.
Each law has different rules about how and when people other than parents can apply for orders about children, and it's important to understand which law might be applicable.
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===The ''Divorce Act''===
===The ''Divorce Act''===


Under s. 16(1) of the ''Divorce Act'', the court can make an order for ''custody'' or ''access'' on the application of a spouse or "any other person." Section 16(3), however, says that an "other person" must get the court's permission before bringing on such an application.
Under section 16(1) of the ''Divorce Act'', the court can make an order for ''custody'' or ''access'' on the application of a spouse or "any other person." Section 16(3), however, says that an "other person" must get the court's permission before bringing on such an application.


Since we're talking about the ''Divorce Act'', a court proceeding must have already started between married spouses or formerly married spouses before a child's caregivers and extended family members can step in; there must be an existing proceeding in which to bring the application.  
Since we're talking about the ''Divorce Act'', a court proceeding must have already started between married spouses or formerly married spouses before a child's caregivers and extended family members can step in; there must be an existing proceeding between the spouses in which to bring the application.  


===The ''Family Law Act''===
===The ''Family Law Act''===


The ''Family Law Act'' talks about ''guardians'' who have ''parental responsibilities'' and who have ''parenting time'' with children, and about people who are not guardians who have ''contact'' with a child.
The ''Family Law Act'' talks about ''guardians'' who have ''parental responsibilities'' and ''parenting time'' with children, and about people who are not guardians who have ''contact'' with a child.


If the child's guardians are already in court, a child's caregiver or extended family member can start a court proceeding, and ask that the new proceeding be ''joined'' to the proceeding between the guardians. Once that happens, the caregivers and extended family members can ask to vary any orders that have already been made between the guardians.
If the child's guardians are already in court, a child's caregiver or extended family member can start a court proceeding and ask that the new proceeding be ''joined'' to the court proceeding between the guardians. Once that happens, the caregivers and extended family members can ask to vary any orders that have already been made between the guardians in order to give them contact or other rights with respect to the children.


If the guardians are not in court, a child's caregiver and extended family member can start a court proceeding against the guardians and ask for orders about the children.
If the guardians are not in court, a child's caregiver and extended family member can start a court proceeding against the parents or guardians and ask for orders about the children.


===Orders and agreements===
===Orders and agreements===


This section talks about the orders available to children's caregivers and extended family members, and is written on the assumption that someone who is interested in securing a right to involvement in a child's life will be going to court to secure that right.  
This section talks about the orders available to children's caregivers and extended family members, and is written on the assumption that someone who is interested in securing a right to involvement in a child's life will be going to court to secure that right. After all, if the child's parents or guardians were okay with the kind of involvement the person is looking for, there'd be no need to secure an order as they'd likely give their permission. In such circumstances, there's no reason at all why the child's parents or guardians and the caregiver or extended family member couldn't make an agreement on the issue instead of going to court.
 
After all, if the child's parents or guardians were okay with the kind of involvement the person is looking for, there'd be no need to secure an order as they would freely give their permission.  
 
There's no reason at all why the child's parents or guardians and the caregiver or extended family member couldn't make an agreement on the issue instead of going to court.


A family law agreement is a contract between two or more people that is enforceable by the courts, just like any other kind of contract. The sort of agreement a child's caregiver and extended family member would want to sign might:
A family law agreement is a contract between two or more people that is enforceable by the courts, just like any other kind of contract. The sort of agreement a child's caregiver or extended family member would want to sign might:


* authorize the caregiver or extended family member to exercise certain parental responsibilities in relation to the child, under s. 43(2) of the ''Family Law Act'',
* authorize the caregiver or extended family member to exercise certain parental responsibilities in relation to the child, under section 43(2) of the ''Family Law Act'',
* provide the caregiver or extended family member with specific rights of contact with the child, under s. 58(1) of the act, or
* provide the caregiver or extended family member with specific rights of contact with the child, under section 58(1) of the act, or
* if the child is living with the caregiver or extended family member, require one or more parents or guardians to provide child support to the caregiver or extended family member, under s. 147(1) of the act.
* require one or more parents or guardians to provide child support to the caregiver or extended family member, under section 147(1) of the ''Act'', if the child is living with the caregiver or extended family member.


It's important to know, as you'll see further on in this section, that a child's guardians cannot make an agreement appointing anyone other than a parent as a guardian. Only the court can make someone other than a parent a guardian, and that requires an application to court and a court order.
It's important to know that a child's guardians cannot make an agreement appointing anyone except a parent as a guardian. Only the court can make someone other than a parent a guardian, and that requires an application to court and a court order. You'll find details about this further on in this section.


==Rights and responsibilities of caregivers and extended family==
==Rights and responsibilities of caregivers and extended family members==


A child's caregivers and extended family members can ask for orders about the care of a child under the provincial ''Family Law Act''. If the child's parents are married and have an order made under the federal ''Divorce Act'', the child's caregivers and extended family members must make any applications about the child under that act and must get the court's permission first.
A child's caregivers and extended family members can ask for orders about the care of a child under the provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]''. If the child's parents are married and have an order made under the federal ''[[Divorce Act]]'', the child's caregivers and extended family members ''must'' make any applications about the child under that ''Act'' and they must get the court's permission first.


Where the child winds up living mostly with a caregiver or extended family member, the caregiver or extended family member can ask for an order under the ''Family Law Act'' requiring either or both of the child's parents to pay child support to the person with whom the child lives.
Where a child winds up living mostly with a caregiver or extended family member, the caregiver or extended family member can ask for an order under the ''Family Law Act'' requiring either or both of the child's parents to pay child support.


A child's caregivers and extended family members cannot ask for orders for spousal support from a parent under the ''Divorce Act'' or the ''Family Law Act'' as they are not spouses of the parent. For the same reason, they cannot ask for orders about the division of family property and family debt against a parent under the ''Family Law Act''.
A child's caregivers and extended family members cannot ask for orders for spousal support from a parent under the ''Divorce Act'' or the ''Family Law Act'' because they're not spouses of the parent. For the same reason, they cannot ask for orders about the division of family property and family debt against a parent under the ''Family Law Act''. Only spouses can ask for these orders.


===The care of children===
===The care of children===
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====The ''Divorce Act''====
====The ''Divorce Act''====


Where a child's caregiver or extended family member must apply for orders about the child under the ''Divorce Act'' they will be asking for orders about ''custody'' and ''access''. These applications will usually be applications to change, or ''vary'', an order that has already been made between the child's parents.
When a child's caregiver or extended family member must apply for orders about the child under the ''[[Divorce Act]]'', they will be asking for orders about ''custody'' and ''access''. These applications will usually be applications to change, or ''vary'', an order that has already been made between the child's parents.


To vary an order for custody or access, s. 17(5) of the ''Divorce Act'' requires proof of a change in circumstances:
To vary an order for custody or access, section 17(5) of the ''Divorce Act'' requires proof of a change in circumstances:


<blockquote><tt>Before the court makes a variation order in respect of a custody order, the court shall satisfy itself that there has been a change in the condition, means, needs or other circumstances of the child of the marriage occurring since the making of the custody order or the last variation order made in respect of that order, as the case may be, and, in making the variation order, the court shall take into consideration only the best interests of the child as determined by reference to that change.</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>Before the court makes a variation order in respect of a custody order, the court shall satisfy itself that there has been a change in the condition, means, needs or other circumstances of the child of the marriage occurring since the making of the custody order or the last variation order made in respect of that order, as the case may be, and, in making the variation order, the court shall take into consideration only the best interests of the child as determined by reference to that change.</tt></blockquote>


Once a change in circumstances has been proven, the child's caregiver or extended family member must then show why it is in the best interests of the child for the court to make the order he or she is asking for, and the court will usually extend a great deal of respect to the wishes of the child's parents. These issues are discussed in more detail in the chapter [[Children in Family Law Matters]] within the section [[Custody and Access]].
Once a change in circumstances has been proven, the child's caregiver or extended family member must then show why it is in the best interests of the child for the court to make the order they are asking for. The court will usually extend a great deal of respect to the wishes of the child's parents. These issues are discussed in more detail in the chapter on [[Children in Family Law Matters|Children]], in the section [[Custody and Access]].


====The ''Family Law Act''====
====The ''Family Law Act''====


Whether a caregiver or extended family member is applying for guardianship, and the rights that go along with it, or for contact, he or she must show why it is in the best interests of the child for the court to make the order he or she is asking for, and the court will usually extend a great deal of respect to the wishes of the child's guardians and often, depending on the child's age and maturity, to the wishes of the child. These issues are discussed in more detail in the chapter [[Guardianship, Parenting Arrangements and Contact]].
Whether a caregiver or extended family member is applying under the ''[[Family Law Act]]'' for guardianship, and the rights and obligations that go along with it, or for contact, they must show why it is in the best interests of the child for the court to make the order asked for. The court will usually extend a great deal of respect to the wishes of the child's guardians in considering these applications, and often, depending on the child's age and maturity, to the wishes of the child. These issues are discussed in more detail in in the chapter on [[Children in Family Law Matters|Children]], in the section [[Guardianship, Parenting Arrangements and Contact]].


=====Guardianship, parental responsibilities and parenting time=====
=====Guardianship, parental responsibilities and parenting time=====


Under s. 40(1) of the ''Family Law Act'', only people who are the guardians of a child have ''parental responsibilities'' and ''parenting time'' in relation to that child. People who are not the guardians of a child may have ''contact'' with the child and do not have the right to participate in making decisions about the raising of the child or the right to get information from the important people involved in the child's life, such as doctors, teachers, coaches and so on.
Under section 40(1) of the ''Family Law Act'', only people who are the guardians of a child have ''parental responsibilities'' and ''parenting time'' with respect to that child. People who are not the guardians of a child may have ''contact'' with the child but do not have the right to participate in making decisions about the raising of the child or the right to get information from the important people involved in the child's life, such as doctors, teachers, coaches, and so on.


Under s. 39, the people who are presumed to be the guardians of a child are:
Under section 39, the people who are presumed to be the guardians of a child are:


#the child's parents, as long as they have lived together,
*the child's parents, as long as they lived together after the child was born,
#a person who is a parent of a child under an assisted reproduction agreement, and
*a person who is a parent of a child under an assisted reproduction agreement, and
#a parent who "regularly cares" for the child.
*a parent who "regularly cares" for the child.


A child's caregivers and extended family members are not presumed to be the guardians of a child. A caregiver or extended family member may become the guardian of a child by:
A child's caregiver or extended family member who isn't a parent under an assisted reproduction agreement is not presumed to be a guardian of the child. A caregiver or extended family member may become the guardian of a child by:


#applying for an order appointing him or her as a guardian of a child under s. 51,
*applying for an order appointing them as a guardian of a child under section 51,
#being appointed by as the standby guardian of a child by a guardian under s. 55, or
*being appointed as the standby guardian of a child under section 55, or
#being appointed as the guardian of a child upon the death of a guardian by the guardian's will, under s. 53.
*being appointed as the guardian of a child upon the death of a guardian under section 53.


Since being appointed as a standby guardian or a guardian upon the death of a guardian both usually take some time, a caregiver or extended family member who feels the need to step in sooner rather than later will apply for appointment as the guardian of a child under s. 51.
Since being appointed as a standby guardian or a testamentary guardian can both take some time, a caregiver or extended family member who feels the need to step in sooner rather than later will apply for appointment as the guardian of a child under section 51.


Applications for appointment as a guardian can be difficult and time-consuming, and the court must be satisfied that the appointment is in the best interests of the child. The person who is applying to become the guardian of a child, the ''applicant'', must fill out a special affidavit required by the Provincial Court Family Rules and the Supreme Court Family Rules that talks about:
Applications for appointment as a guardian can be difficult and time-consuming, and the court must be satisfied that the appointment is in the best interests of the child. The person who is applying to become the guardian of a child, the ''applicant'', must fill out a special affidavit required by the [http://canlii.ca/t/85pb Provincial Court Family Rules] and the [http://canlii.ca/t/8mcr Supreme Court Family Rules] that talks about:


*the applicant's relationship to the child,  
*the applicant's relationship to the child,  
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*any previous civil or criminal court proceedings related to the best interests of the child.
*any previous civil or criminal court proceedings related to the best interests of the child.


Applicants must also get a new criminal records check and a records check from the Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD).
Applicants must also get (1) a new criminal records check, (2) a child protection records check from the Ministry for Children and Family Development, and (3) a check of provincial registry records for any family law protection orders about them.


=====Authorizations to exercise parental responsibilities=====
=====Authorizations to exercise parental responsibilities=====


Under s. 43(2) of the ''Family Law Act'', a guardian who is temporarily unable to exercise certain parental responsibilities may authorize someone to exercise those responsibilities on his or her behalf, including a child's caregiver or a member of the child's extended family. Such authorizations must be made in writing, and should say exactly what it is that the authorized person can do.  
Under section 43(2) of the ''Family Law Act'', a guardian who is temporarily unable to exercise certain parental responsibilities may authorize someone to exercise those responsibilities on their behalf, including a child's caregiver or a member of the child's extended family. Such authorizations must be made in writing, and should say exactly what it is that the authorized person can do.  


The parental responsibilities that someone can exercise under a written authorization are:
The parental responsibilities that someone can exercise under a written authorization are:
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*making decisions about whom the child will live with and associate with,
*making decisions about whom the child will live with and associate with,
*making decisions about the child's education and participation in extracurricular activities,
*making decisions about the child's education and participation in extracurricular activities,
*giving, refusing, or withdrawing consent to medical, dental and other health-related treatments for the child,
*giving, refusing, or withdrawing consent to medical, dental, and other health-related treatments for the child,
*applying for a passport, licence or permit for the child,
*applying for a passport, licence, or permit for the child,
*giving, refusing, or withdrawing consent for the child, if consent is required,
*giving, refusing, or withdrawing consent for the child, if consent is required,
*receiving and responding to any notice that a parent or guardian is entitled or required by law to receive, and
*receiving and responding to any notice that a parent or guardian is entitled or required by law to receive, and
*requesting and receiving from third parties health, education, or other information respecting the child.
*requesting and receiving from third parties health, education, or other information respecting the child.


Authorizations like these are mostly used when the child needs to go somewhere else to attend school and the guardian needs to make arrangements for the child to be looked after, when the guardian is seriously ill but going to recover, and when the guardian is going to be out of commission for a while recovering from a surgery or treatment.
Authorizations like these are mostly used when the child needs to go somewhere else to attend school and the guardian needs to make arrangements for the child to be looked after when the guardian is seriously ill but going to recover, and when the guardian is going to be out of commission while recovering from a surgery or treatment.


=====Contact with a child=====
=====Contact with a child=====


Any person can apply for contact with a child under s. 59 of the act. The court must be satisfied that the contact asked for is in the best interests of the child. People who are applying for contact don't need to get a criminal records check or an MCFD records check done.
Any person can apply for contact with a child under section 59 of the act. The court must be satisfied that the contact asked for is in the best interests of the child. People who are applying for contact don't need to get a criminal records check or an MCFD records check done.


===Child Support===
===Child Support===
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====The ''Divorce Act''====
====The ''Divorce Act''====


Under s. 15.1(1) of the ''Divorce Act'', only a married spouse may apply for a child support order under the act. As a result, a caregiver or extended family member who has had to apply to vary a ''Divorce Act'' order for custody must apply under the ''Family Law Act'' for an order requiring the child's parents to pay spousal support. Both applications can be made in the same document and at the same time.
Under section 15.1(1) of the ''Divorce Act'', only a married spouse may apply for a child support order under the act. As a result, a caregiver or extended family member who has had to apply to vary a ''Divorce Act'' order for custody must apply for child support under the ''Family Law Act'' if child support is needed. Both applications can be made in the same document and at the same time.


====The ''Family Law Act''====
====The ''Family Law Act''====


The ''Family Law Act'' says, at s. 147(1), that "each parent" has a duty to provide support for his or her child, as long as the child is a ''child'' as defined by s. 146 and hasn't become a spouse or withdrawn from the care of his or her parents under s 147(1). Under s. 149, the court can make an order requiring a parent to pay child support to "a designated person" on the application of "a person acting on behalf of a child":
The ''Family Law Act'' says, at section 147(1), that each parent has a duty to provide support for their child, as long as the child in question is a ''child'' as defined by section 146 and hasn't become a spouse or withdrawn from the care of their parents under s 147(1). Under section 149, the court can make an order requiring a parent to pay child support to ''a designated person'' on the application of a person acting on behalf of a child:


<blockquote><tt>(1) ...on application by a person referred to in subsection (2), a court may make an order requiring a child's parent or guardian to pay child support to a designated person.</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(1) ...on application by a person referred to in subsection (2), a court may make an order requiring a child's parent or guardian to pay child support to a designated person.</tt></blockquote>
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<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(b) the child or a person acting on behalf of the child...</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(b) the child or a person acting on behalf of the child...</tt></blockquote></blockquote>


As long as the court has made an order under which the child lives mostly with a child's caregiver or extended family member, he or she can ask for an order for child support against any or all of the child's parents and guardians.
As long as the child lives mostly with a child's caregiver or extended family member, the caregiver or extended family member can ask for an order for child support against some or all of the child's parents and guardians.


According to s. 150(1) of the act, where an order for child support is made, the amount of the support order is to be determined under the [[Child Support Guidelines]]. As a result, all of the provisions of the Guidelines apply to parents on the application of a child's caregiver or extended family member, including:
According to section 150(1) of the act, where an order for child support is made, the amount of the support order is to be determined under the [[Child Support Guidelines]]. As a result, all of the provisions of the Guidelines apply when a child's caregiver or extended family member is asking for child support, including:


*the tables that are used to calculate the amount of child support payable,
*the tables that are used to calculate the amount of child support payable,
*the exceptions that allow child support to be paid in an amount different than the usual table amount, and
*the exceptions that allow child support to be paid in an amount different than the usual table amount, and
*the rules about the payment of children's special expenses.
*the rules about the payment of children's special expenses.
<!---HIDDEN
==Further Reading in this Chapter==
* <span style="color: red;">bulleted list of other pages in this chapter, linked</span>
END HIDDEN--->


==Resources and links==
==Resources and links==
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* ''[[Family Law Act]]''
* ''[[Family Law Act]]''
* ''[[Divorce Act]]''
* ''[[Divorce Act]]''
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/80mh Federal Child Support Guidelines]''
* [http://canlii.ca/t/80mh Child Support Guidelines]


===Links===
===Links===


* [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/helpmap/service/1133 Grandparents raising grandchildren]
* [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/helpmap/service/1133 Grandparents raising grandchildren helpline] from the Parent Support Services Society of BC
* [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/question/commonquestion/1118 Benefits for grandparents raising grandchildren]
* [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/question/commonquestion/1118 Benefits for grandparents raising grandchildren]
* [http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/fcy-fea/lib-bib/tool-util/apps/look-rech/index.asp Online Child Support Calculator]
* Department of Justice [http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/fl-df/child-enfant/look-rech.asp Child Support Calculator]




{{REVIEWED | reviewer = [[JP Boyd]], March 24, 2013}}
{{REVIEWED | reviewer = [[Stephen Wright]] and [[Michael Sinclair]], April 17, 2019}}


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{{JP Boyd on Family Law Navbox|type=chapters}}
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[[Category:JP Boyd on Family Law]]

Revision as of 19:02, 30 July 2019

People other than a child's parents can also have a legal relationship with a child. Typically, these people are a child's blood relatives — grandparents, aunts, uncles, and so forth — ,although there's no reason why someone else, like an unrelated long-term caregiver or a neighbour, couldn't also have an interest in the care and well-being of a child, or in having time with a child on a regular basis.

This section talks about the claims a child's caregivers and extended family members can make to guardianship of a child, contact with a child, and child support.

Introduction

Grandparents and other people who are not parents normally become involved in court proceedings dealing with children in only a few situations:

  • where one or both of the guardians of the children are dead,
  • where one or both of the guardians have abandoned the children or the care of the children,
  • where there are serious concerns about the ability of the guardians to care for the children, or
  • where they are being denied time or involvement with the children.

Their concerns are usually about supervising or managing the parenting of the children, or about getting a schedule in place that will let them see the children on a regular basis.

Two laws might apply to caregivers and extended family members who are seeking orders about parenting the children or having time with them. Where the children's parents are already in court about the children, that might be the federal Divorce Act if the parents are or were married, or the provincial Family Law Act, whether they were married or not. If the children's parents are not involved in a court proceeding between each other, it will be the Family Law Act.

Each law has different rules about how and when people other than parents can apply for orders about children, and it's important to understand which law might be applicable.

The Divorce Act

Under section 16(1) of the Divorce Act, the court can make an order for custody or access on the application of a spouse or "any other person." Section 16(3), however, says that an "other person" must get the court's permission before bringing on such an application.

Since we're talking about the Divorce Act, a court proceeding must have already started between married spouses or formerly married spouses before a child's caregivers and extended family members can step in; there must be an existing proceeding between the spouses in which to bring the application.

The Family Law Act

The Family Law Act talks about guardians who have parental responsibilities and parenting time with children, and about people who are not guardians who have contact with a child.

If the child's guardians are already in court, a child's caregiver or extended family member can start a court proceeding and ask that the new proceeding be joined to the court proceeding between the guardians. Once that happens, the caregivers and extended family members can ask to vary any orders that have already been made between the guardians in order to give them contact or other rights with respect to the children.

If the guardians are not in court, a child's caregiver and extended family member can start a court proceeding against the parents or guardians and ask for orders about the children.

Orders and agreements

This section talks about the orders available to children's caregivers and extended family members, and is written on the assumption that someone who is interested in securing a right to involvement in a child's life will be going to court to secure that right. After all, if the child's parents or guardians were okay with the kind of involvement the person is looking for, there'd be no need to secure an order as they'd likely give their permission. In such circumstances, there's no reason at all why the child's parents or guardians and the caregiver or extended family member couldn't make an agreement on the issue instead of going to court.

A family law agreement is a contract between two or more people that is enforceable by the courts, just like any other kind of contract. The sort of agreement a child's caregiver or extended family member would want to sign might:

  • authorize the caregiver or extended family member to exercise certain parental responsibilities in relation to the child, under section 43(2) of the Family Law Act,
  • provide the caregiver or extended family member with specific rights of contact with the child, under section 58(1) of the act, or
  • require one or more parents or guardians to provide child support to the caregiver or extended family member, under section 147(1) of the Act, if the child is living with the caregiver or extended family member.

It's important to know that a child's guardians cannot make an agreement appointing anyone except a parent as a guardian. Only the court can make someone other than a parent a guardian, and that requires an application to court and a court order. You'll find details about this further on in this section.

Rights and responsibilities of caregivers and extended family members

A child's caregivers and extended family members can ask for orders about the care of a child under the provincial Family Law Act. If the child's parents are married and have an order made under the federal Divorce Act, the child's caregivers and extended family members must make any applications about the child under that Act and they must get the court's permission first.

Where a child winds up living mostly with a caregiver or extended family member, the caregiver or extended family member can ask for an order under the Family Law Act requiring either or both of the child's parents to pay child support.

A child's caregivers and extended family members cannot ask for orders for spousal support from a parent under the Divorce Act or the Family Law Act because they're not spouses of the parent. For the same reason, they cannot ask for orders about the division of family property and family debt against a parent under the Family Law Act. Only spouses can ask for these orders.

The care of children

The Divorce Act

When a child's caregiver or extended family member must apply for orders about the child under the Divorce Act, they will be asking for orders about custody and access. These applications will usually be applications to change, or vary, an order that has already been made between the child's parents.

To vary an order for custody or access, section 17(5) of the Divorce Act requires proof of a change in circumstances:

Before the court makes a variation order in respect of a custody order, the court shall satisfy itself that there has been a change in the condition, means, needs or other circumstances of the child of the marriage occurring since the making of the custody order or the last variation order made in respect of that order, as the case may be, and, in making the variation order, the court shall take into consideration only the best interests of the child as determined by reference to that change.

Once a change in circumstances has been proven, the child's caregiver or extended family member must then show why it is in the best interests of the child for the court to make the order they are asking for. The court will usually extend a great deal of respect to the wishes of the child's parents. These issues are discussed in more detail in the chapter on Children, in the section Custody and Access.

The Family Law Act

Whether a caregiver or extended family member is applying under the Family Law Act for guardianship, and the rights and obligations that go along with it, or for contact, they must show why it is in the best interests of the child for the court to make the order asked for. The court will usually extend a great deal of respect to the wishes of the child's guardians in considering these applications, and often, depending on the child's age and maturity, to the wishes of the child. These issues are discussed in more detail in in the chapter on Children, in the section Guardianship, Parenting Arrangements and Contact.

Guardianship, parental responsibilities and parenting time

Under section 40(1) of the Family Law Act, only people who are the guardians of a child have parental responsibilities and parenting time with respect to that child. People who are not the guardians of a child may have contact with the child but do not have the right to participate in making decisions about the raising of the child or the right to get information from the important people involved in the child's life, such as doctors, teachers, coaches, and so on.

Under section 39, the people who are presumed to be the guardians of a child are:

  • the child's parents, as long as they lived together after the child was born,
  • a person who is a parent of a child under an assisted reproduction agreement, and
  • a parent who "regularly cares" for the child.

A child's caregiver or extended family member who isn't a parent under an assisted reproduction agreement is not presumed to be a guardian of the child. A caregiver or extended family member may become the guardian of a child by:

  • applying for an order appointing them as a guardian of a child under section 51,
  • being appointed as the standby guardian of a child under section 55, or
  • being appointed as the guardian of a child upon the death of a guardian under section 53.

Since being appointed as a standby guardian or a testamentary guardian can both take some time, a caregiver or extended family member who feels the need to step in sooner rather than later will apply for appointment as the guardian of a child under section 51.

Applications for appointment as a guardian can be difficult and time-consuming, and the court must be satisfied that the appointment is in the best interests of the child. The person who is applying to become the guardian of a child, the applicant, must fill out a special affidavit required by the Provincial Court Family Rules and the Supreme Court Family Rules that talks about:

  • the applicant's relationship to the child,
  • the other children currently in the care of the applicant,
  • any history of family violence that might affect the child, and
  • any previous civil or criminal court proceedings related to the best interests of the child.

Applicants must also get (1) a new criminal records check, (2) a child protection records check from the Ministry for Children and Family Development, and (3) a check of provincial registry records for any family law protection orders about them.

Authorizations to exercise parental responsibilities

Under section 43(2) of the Family Law Act, a guardian who is temporarily unable to exercise certain parental responsibilities may authorize someone to exercise those responsibilities on their behalf, including a child's caregiver or a member of the child's extended family. Such authorizations must be made in writing, and should say exactly what it is that the authorized person can do.

The parental responsibilities that someone can exercise under a written authorization are:

  • making day-to-day decisions affecting the child and having day-to-day care, control, and supervision of the child,
  • making decisions about whom the child will live with and associate with,
  • making decisions about the child's education and participation in extracurricular activities,
  • giving, refusing, or withdrawing consent to medical, dental, and other health-related treatments for the child,
  • applying for a passport, licence, or permit for the child,
  • giving, refusing, or withdrawing consent for the child, if consent is required,
  • receiving and responding to any notice that a parent or guardian is entitled or required by law to receive, and
  • requesting and receiving from third parties health, education, or other information respecting the child.

Authorizations like these are mostly used when the child needs to go somewhere else to attend school and the guardian needs to make arrangements for the child to be looked after when the guardian is seriously ill but going to recover, and when the guardian is going to be out of commission while recovering from a surgery or treatment.

Contact with a child

Any person can apply for contact with a child under section 59 of the act. The court must be satisfied that the contact asked for is in the best interests of the child. People who are applying for contact don't need to get a criminal records check or an MCFD records check done.

Child Support

The Divorce Act

Under section 15.1(1) of the Divorce Act, only a married spouse may apply for a child support order under the act. As a result, a caregiver or extended family member who has had to apply to vary a Divorce Act order for custody must apply for child support under the Family Law Act if child support is needed. Both applications can be made in the same document and at the same time.

The Family Law Act

The Family Law Act says, at section 147(1), that each parent has a duty to provide support for their child, as long as the child in question is a child as defined by section 146 and hasn't become a spouse or withdrawn from the care of their parents under s 147(1). Under section 149, the court can make an order requiring a parent to pay child support to a designated person on the application of a person acting on behalf of a child:

(1) ...on application by a person referred to in subsection (2), a court may make an order requiring a child's parent or guardian to pay child support to a designated person.

(2) An application may be made by

(a) a child's parent or guardian,

(b) the child or a person acting on behalf of the child...

As long as the child lives mostly with a child's caregiver or extended family member, the caregiver or extended family member can ask for an order for child support against some or all of the child's parents and guardians.

According to section 150(1) of the act, where an order for child support is made, the amount of the support order is to be determined under the Child Support Guidelines. As a result, all of the provisions of the Guidelines apply when a child's caregiver or extended family member is asking for child support, including:

  • the tables that are used to calculate the amount of child support payable,
  • the exceptions that allow child support to be paid in an amount different than the usual table amount, and
  • the rules about the payment of children's special expenses.

Resources and links

Legislation

Links


This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by Stephen Wright and Michael Sinclair, April 17, 2019.


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