Difference between revisions of "Remedies in Employment Law (9:VI)"

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Complainants who have less than 30 days remaining until the end of the six month limitation period should first file their complaint with the Employment Standards Branch and then use the Self-Help Kit.

=== 3.Filing a Claim with the Employment Standards Branch ===

=== 3. Filing a Claim with the Employment Standards Branch ===

After completing the Self-Help Kit, the complainant may file their complaint with the Employment Standards Branch in one of three ways:

*filling in a form and mailing or delivering it to the nearest Employment Standards Branch (available here: http://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/forms/pdf/complaint.pdf);

*filling in a form at the nearest Employment Standards Branch office; or

*submitting an online complaint form (available here: http://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/forms/esb_comp.htm ).

The Director may refuse to investigate a complaint if it is not made in good faith or if there is insufficient evidence to support it. The complainant may request, in writing, that any identifying information gathered for the purpose of the investigation remain confidential. However, the Director may disclose information if disclosure is deemed necessary to the proceeding or in the public interest (s 75).

Most employment standards complaints are resolved through a process of education of the parties, mediation, and/or adjudication, but some are referred to investigation. The officer reviewing the case has the discretion to determine the approach taken. Breach of any section of the ''ESA'' may be a basis for an investigation. At the conclusion of an investigation, the Director will give their determination (their decision) based on the evidence given. The Director has the power to settle the claim in a variety of ways, including:

*arranging payment to the complainant;

*forcing compliance with the Act; or

*requiring a remedy or cessation of the action (ss 78-79).

The Director also has the power to help parties settle a complaint and reach a binding settlement agreement that may be filed in Supreme Court for enforcement (s 78). Section 29 of the ''ES Regulation'' provides an augmented penalty provision that grants the Employment Standards Branch more power to enforce the Act. The penalty provision is also used to enforce the offences listed in section 125 of the ''ESA''.

Penalties per offence are:

{|

|-

| First Determination: || $500

|-

| Second Determination: || $2,500

|-

| Third Determination: || $10,000

|}

Under Part 11 of the ''ESA'', an officer or director of a corporation is personally liable for up to two months’ unpaid wages per employee if the officer or director held office when the wages were earned or were payable – however, officers or directors of a corporation are not personally liable on bankruptcy of the corporation (s 96(2)). Also, directors and officers may be considered a common employer and be held jointly and severally liable (s 95). If the business is sold, transferred, or continued after bankruptcy, the subsequent business may be considered a successor business and “the employment of an employee is deemed ... to be continuous and uninterrupted” (s 97).

Under the ''ESA'' (s 80), employers’ liability for wages (including payments for length of service upon termination) will only include those wages that became payable within the six months prior to the date of the complaint, or within the six months prior to the date of the employee’s termination – whichever is earlier. However, because some benefits become payable long after they were earned, an employee may be able to recover those benefits that they earned more than six months prior to the date of the complaint or date on which they were terminated. For example, in some cases vacation pay is not payable until two years after it is earned; in these cases, an employee could potentially recover vacation pay that was earned over a period of 30 months (two years, plus the six month limitation period). Similarly, employees may be able to recover wages that were entered into a time bank more than 6 months prior to the date of the complaint.

'''NOTE:''' Employers cannot terminate, suspend, or discipline employees because they have filed, or may file, a complaint (s 83). The Branch can order an employee’s reinstatement for contravention of this section and for violations of s 8 and Part 6.

=== 4. Appeals ===

Anyone who wishes to appeal a determination of the Director must make an application to the Employment Standards Tribunal, a separate body established under Part 12 of the Act, at the conclusion of an investigation (s 115). The request must be made within certain time limits, which depend on the manner in which the decision is served. If the decision is hand-served, faxed, or delivered electronically, an appeal must be filed within 21 days. If the decision is sent by registered mail, an appeal must be filed within 30 days. After reviewing the decision, the Adjudicator of the Employment Standards Tribunal may confirm it, alter it, or refer it back to an officer. The appeal is decided based on the correctness of the Director’s determination.

Sections 112 and 114 of the ESA confine the grounds of appeal to the tribunal to situations where:

*a) '''The Director erred in law:''' An error in law may encompass the interpretation of a particular statutory provision, or its application to the facts presented. It can also be used when the appellant feels the Director acted unreasonably, or without evidence.

*b) '''The Director failed to observe the principles of natural justice in making the determination:''' This ground of appeal encompasses a wide variety of circumstances such as bias on the part of the decision maker, procedural unfairness (refusing an adjournment without good reason), or when the appellant feels generally they have not been given the right to be heard (a right codified in s 77 of the Act). c)Evidence has become available that was not available at the time the Determination was made: The new evidence must be material, in the sense that if the Director had been given the chance to review it the determination in whole or in part would have been different. Although the Act does not specifically allow a party to appeal the Director’s findings of fact, in certain cases the Director’s fact finding may be so flawed that it amounts to a legal error. Gemex Developments Corp v British Columbia (Assessor of Area #12– Coquitlam) (1998), 62 BCLR (3d) 354) defined an error of law as including instances where the Director was “acting on a view of the facts that could not reasonably have been entertained.” This test has been adopted in a number of tribunal decisions. Delsom Estate Ltd v British Columbia (Assessor of Area No 11 Richmond/Delta, [2000] BCJ No 331 (BCSC) restated the test as being “...that there is no evidence before the Board which supports the finding made, in the sense that it is inconsistent with and contradictory to the evidence” and is “perverse or inexplicable”.The tribunal may dismiss an appeal without a hearing if the requirements are not met, or if payment of a possible appeal fee, set up by regulation, has not been made. There are provisions for an appeal fee to be charged but there is currently no fee, nor are there plans to charge one. If the employee is not satisfied with the decision of the Employment Standards Tribunal, they can seek judicial review of the decision; however, this must be done in BC Supreme Court. Employees should speak to a lawyer if they wish to pursue this possibility. B.Small Claims Court For information on how to proceed with a claim in Small Claims Court, see Chapter 20: Small Claims Court. The Small Claims approach can often yield better results than claims filed with the Employment Standards Branch, particularly for cases involving termination of employment or payment of wages.For example, the ESA only requires an employer to pay one week’s wages per year of service notice to a

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@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 Complainants who have less than 30 days remaining until the end of the six month limitation period should first file their complaint with the Employment Standards Branch and then use the Self-Help Kit.
-=== 3.Filing a Claim with the Employment Standards Branch ===
+=== 3. Filing a Claim with the Employment Standards Branch ===
 After completing the Self-Help Kit, the complainant may file their complaint with the Employment Standards Branch in one of three ways:
 *filling in a form and mailing or delivering it to the nearest Employment Standards Branch (available here: http://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/forms/pdf/complaint.pdf);
 *filling in a form at the nearest Employment Standards Branch office; or
+*submitting an online complaint form (available here: http://www.labour.gov.bc.ca/esb/forms/esb_comp.htm ).
+The Director may refuse to investigate a complaint if it is not made in good faith or if there is insufficient evidence to support it. The  complainant may request, in writing, that any identifying information gathered for the purpose of the investigation remain confidential. However, the Director may disclose information if disclosure is deemed necessary to the proceeding or in the public interest (s 75).
+Most employment standards complaints are resolved through a process of education of the parties, mediation, and/or adjudication, but some are  referred to investigation. The officer reviewing the case has the discretion to determine the approach taken. Breach of any section of the ''ESA'' may be a basis for an investigation. At the conclusion of an investigation, the Director will give their determination (their  decision) based on the evidence given. The Director has the power to settle the claim in a variety of ways, including:
+*arranging payment to the complainant;
+*forcing compliance with the Act; or
+*requiring a remedy or cessation of the action (ss 78-79).
+The Director also has the power to help parties settle a complaint and reach a binding settlement agreement that may be filed in Supreme Court for enforcement (s 78). Section 29 of the ''ES Regulation'' provides an augmented penalty provision that grants the Employment Standards Branch more power to enforce the Act. The penalty provision is also used to enforce the offences listed in section 125 of the ''ESA''.
+Penalties per offence are:
+{|
+|-
+| First Determination: || $500
+|-
+| Second Determination: || $2,500
+|-
+| Third Determination: || $10,000
+|}
+Under Part 11 of the ''ESA'', an officer or director of a corporation is personally liable for up to two months’ unpaid wages per employee if the officer or director held office when the wages were earned or were payable – however, officers or directors of a corporation are not personally liable on bankruptcy of the corporation (s 96(2)). Also, directors and officers may be considered a common employer and be held  jointly and severally liable (s 95). If the business is sold, transferred, or continued after bankruptcy, the subsequent business may be considered a successor business and “the employment of an employee is deemed ... to be continuous and uninterrupted” (s 97).
+Under the ''ESA'' (s 80), employers’ liability for wages (including payments for length of service upon termination) will only include those wages that became payable within the six months prior to the date of the complaint, or within the six months prior to the date of the employee’s termination – whichever is earlier. However, because some benefits become payable long after they were earned, an employee may be  able to recover those benefits that they earned more than six months prior to the date of the complaint or date on which they were terminated. For example, in some cases vacation pay is not payable until two years after it is earned; in these cases, an employee could potentially recover vacation pay that was earned over a period of 30 months (two years, plus the six month limitation period). Similarly, employees may be able to recover wages that were entered into a time bank more than 6 months prior to the date of the complaint.
+'''NOTE:''' Employers cannot terminate, suspend, or discipline employees because they have filed, or may file, a complaint (s 83). The Branch  can order an employee’s reinstatement for contravention of this section and for violations of s 8 and Part 6.
+=== 4. Appeals ===
+Anyone who wishes to appeal a determination of the Director must make an application to the Employment Standards Tribunal, a separate body established under Part 12 of the Act, at the conclusion of an investigation (s 115). The request must be made within certain time limits, which depend on the manner in which the decision is served. If the decision is hand-served, faxed, or delivered electronically, an appeal must be filed within 21 days. If the decision is sent by registered  mail, an appeal must be filed within 30 days. After reviewing the decision, the Adjudicator of the Employment Standards Tribunal may confirm it, alter it, or refer it back to an officer. The appeal is decided based on the correctness of the Director’s determination.
+Sections 112 and 114 of the ESA confine the grounds of appeal to the tribunal to situations where:
+*a) '''The Director erred in law:''' An error in law may encompass the interpretation of a particular statutory provision, or its application to the facts presented. It can also be used when the appellant feels the Director acted unreasonably, or without evidence.
+*b) '''The Director failed to observe the principles of natural justice in making the determination:''' This ground of appeal encompasses a wide variety of circumstances such as bias on the part of the decision maker, procedural unfairness (refusing an adjournment without good reason), or when the appellant feels generally they have not been given the right to be heard (a right codified in s 77 of the Act). c)Evidence   has   become   available   that   was   not   available   at   the   time   the Determination was made: The new evidence must be material, in the sense that if the Director  had  been  given  the chance  to  review it  the  determination  in  whole  or in  part would have been different. Although the Act does not specifically allow a party to appeal the Director’s findings of fact, in certain cases the Director’s fact finding may be so flawed that it amounts to a legal error. Gemex Developments Corp v British Columbia (Assessor of Area #12– Coquitlam) (1998), 62 BCLR (3d) 354) defined an error of law as including instances where the Director was “acting on a view of the facts that could not reasonably have been entertained.” This test has been adopted in a number of tribunal decisions. Delsom Estate Ltd v British Columbia (Assessor of Area No 11 Richmond/Delta, [2000] BCJ No 331 (BCSC) restated the test as being “...that there is no evidence before the Board  which  supports  the  finding  made,  in  the  sense  that  it  is  inconsistent  with  and contradictory to the evidence” and is “perverse or inexplicable”.The  tribunal  may dismiss  an appeal  without  a  hearing  if  the  requirements  are  not  met,  or if payment of a possible appeal fee, set up by regulation, has not been made. There are provisions for an appeal fee to be charged but there is currently no fee, nor are there plans to charge one. If the employee is not satisfied with the decision of the Employment Standards Tribunal, they can  seek  judicial  review  of  the  decision;  however,  this  must  be  done  in  BC  Supreme  Court. Employees should speak to a lawyer if they wish to pursue this possibility. B.Small Claims Court  For information on how to proceed with a claim in Small Claims Court, see Chapter 20: Small Claims Court. The  Small  Claims  approach  can  often  yield  better  results  than  claims  filed  with  the  Employment Standards  Branch,  particularly  for  cases  involving  termination  of  employment  or  payment  of  wages.For example, the ESA only requires an employer to pay one week’s wages per year of service notice to a
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Difference between revisions of "Remedies in Employment Law (9:VI)"

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