Getting a Credit Card

Many people can’t pay cash for consumer goods like a new car or a major appliance. They get a loan or use a credit card so they can buy now and pay later. But if they can’t make their payments, they face legal problems and their credit rating is often affected. People also worry if their credit card is lost or stolen and used by others. This script discusses these issues.

What does it mean to buy something on credit?

Say you want to buy a piano, so you agree with the seller to pay for it over two years, with interest. You get the piano immediately, but the seller still owns the piano until you make all the payments. Or say that you want to buy a new car, but the dealer won’t finance it or you want to deal with your own bank. So you apply for a bank loan and sign an agreement where the bank pays the dealer for the car, and you pay the bank back for the cost of the car, plus interest, over a certain number of months. In both cases, you are buying something on credit.

When you buy something on credit, you typically sign a “security agreement”

The specific agreement may be called any number of things, like a “conditional sales agreement” or a “chattel mortgage” or a “lease with an option to purchase”. But the type and name of agreement aren’t important because they all work in a similar way. Basically, the agreement will say that you give the seller or lender a “security interest” in the goods as security for what you still owe – like when you give the bank a mortgage on your house.

The only exception is where you have a true lease, usually relating to a car or a large piece of equipment, where you pay monthly for the right to use it. In this case, you have no ownership rights in the item at all, and under the lease agreement, you would have no right to buy the item at the end of the term, although you do have the right to use the car during the lease term.

What rights does the seller or lender have under a security agreement?

Generally speaking, a lender can take back the item secured, sell it and still look to be paid any deficiency. But “consumer goods” are treated differently. Consumer goods are things used or bought for use primarily for personal, family or household purposes. If you default (or stop making payments) on a security agreement for consumer goods, the seller or lender generally has to choose either to seize (or take) the goods or sue you for what you owe. The seller can’t do both.

What happens if you’ve almost paid all your debt?

With consumer goods, after you have paid back two-thirds of the loan, the lender cannot seize the goods. In BC, once a consumer has paid back two-thirds of the total value of a loan (excluding a mortgage), then the lender or creditor is no longer entitled to seize the item without going to court and obtaining a court order.

What happens if the seller or lender seizes the goods?

Consider the piano example, where you’ve agreed to pay for the piano over two years. After one year, your employer lays you off and you can’t make the payments. The security agreement lets the seller come to your home and seize the piano. The seller chooses to seize the piano but, by law, cannot sell it until giving you 20 days “notice of disposition” and waiting until the end of the 20 days. Section 59 of BC’s Personal Property Security Act lists all the information the seller must give you in the notice.

In response (and assuming the goods seized are consumer goods), you may bring your account up to date, or “reinstate” the security agreement, by paying, within 20 days, the amount in arrears plus the seller or lender’s reasonable costs of seizure. If you reinstate the security agreement, you get the piano back. You also have the right in any situation to pay the balance of your full debt to get the piano back.

But if you don’t pay the amount due in the seller’s notice within 20 days, the seller can either sell the piano or keep it.

If the seller chooses to sell the piano, then they owe a duty to you to use commercially reasonable means to get a reasonable price from the sale of the piano. This doesn’t mean they have to advertise in every paper from here to Calgary, but they must use reasonable efforts to try and sell the piano for a fair market price. After the sale, any amount left over after the seller is paid must be returned to you.

There are four important points to note about seizures:

• If you’ve paid at least two-thirds of the total price, a seller needs a court order before seizing the property.
• Sellers who seize property must give you a “notice of proposal” if they plan to keep it. You then have 15 days to give them a “notice of objection” if you don’t want them to keep the property, and they must then sell it.
• A seller who seizes and sells the property but doesn’t recover the full amount you owe, cannot sue you for the rest of what you owe (if the goods are consumer goods).
• From the sale money, the seller can keep the amount you owe, plus reasonable costs to seize, store and sell the property, but must then return any left-over money to you, or in some cases, to your other creditors.

What about credit cards? What law protects you?

BC’s Business Practices and Consumer Protection Act protects the public in two ways. The Act controls unsolicited credit cards – the ones sent to people who didn’t apply for them – and it also limits the responsibility of people whose cards are lost or stolen.

You don’t have to accept unsolicited credit cards you never asked for If you get this type of card, you don’t have to accept it, and if you don’t, you aren’t responsible for it. However, if you use an unsolicited credit card, you are telling the sender that you’re accepting it, and you’re then responsible for what you buy with it.

What happens if you lose your credit card or it’s stolen?

The Business Practices and Consumer Protection Act says that you don’t have to pay for anything bought with your lost or stolen credit card after you tell the card issuer, such as VISA or MasterCard, that it’s lost or stolen. You can tell the issuer by phone or by registered mail. If someone uses your card before you report it lost or stolen, the Act limits your liability to $50 – even if your agreement with the credit card issuer says differently. In cases of theft, many card issuers don’t even charge the $50, in the interest of good customer relations.

What if you let someone use your credit card?

If you let someone use your card, then later change your mind and say they can’t use it, things are different. For example, say you give your card and personal identification number or PIN to a friend or relative to pay your bill at a bank machine. Later, without your authorization, that person uses your credit card and PIN to get cash advances from a bank machine. You’re responsible for this debt.

Bank and debit cards are treated differently than credit cards

Bank and debit cards aren’t covered by the Business Practices and Consumer Protection Act. So you’re not protected by the $50 limit if someone steals your bank or debit card and PIN and uses them to get money from your account.

What about credit reporting agencies (sometimes referred as to credit bureaus)?

BC has two laws that regulate the use of personal credit information. Both the Business Practices and Consumer Protection Act and the Personal Information Protection Act control how credit bureaus handle personal credit information (such as your marital status, approximate income, and assets and debts owing) and also protect your privacy by controlling access to that information.

No one can ask for a personal credit report on you without your consent

Normally, when you seek credit, you agree that the lender can get your credit report – even if you don’t realize you’re agreeing to this. Application forms for loans, credit cards and jobs usually have small print saying that you authorize any credit bureau to give a credit report on you. But there are situations where your credit information can be released to law enforcement agencies, the courts (by court order) or the director of credit reporting without your apparent consent.

The two major credit bureaus in Canada are Equifax and Trans Union Canada

They collect personal credit information and sell it to banks, department stores, employers and others, and you have the right to know what information they have on you. Usually, both agencies have similar information, so if you want to check your credit rating and history, you probably only need to check the records of just one of them. The toll-free phone number for Equifax is 1.800.465.7166 and its website is www.consumer.equifax.ca. Trans Union Canada’s toll-free phone number is 1.800.663.9980 and its website is www.transunion.ca (search under the “Personal tab).

Some kinds of information can’t be included in a credit report

A credit report can’t show:

• information about a criminal offence (unless you’ve been convicted of it)
• information about a criminal conviction, once six years have passed since the conviction or since your release or parole if you were in prison
• information about race, religion, ethnic origin or political affiliation
• information about a bankruptcy, if it’s been more than six years since the discharge, unless it’s a second bankruptcy

You have the right to correct any inaccurate information in your credit file

If you think something in your file is wrong, you can send a letter about the error, and the credit reporting agency must take reasonable step to check the information and respond to you within 30 working days. If you’re right, they have to correct it as soon as possible. They also have to send a correction to everyone who received a report on you in the past year. If the agency doesn’t make the correction you asked for, they have to make a note to your file that you asked for the information to be corrected, so anyone who gets a future report will see this note. Also, if there’s anything in your file that you think should be explained, you have the right to place a statement of up to 100 words on the file, to be given to anyone who obtains a future report.

Where can you get help or find more information?

• See the manual Consumer Law and Credit/Debt Law published by the Legal Services Society, BC and available for free on their website at www.legalaid.bc.ca. To find it, click “Publications” then under “I want to find a publication by subject,” click “Debt.” This manual is for paralegals, legal information counsellors, and lawyers with clients who have consumer/debt problems.

• You can also contact Consumer Protection BC. Call 1.888.564.9963 toll-free. Their website is www.consumerprotectionbc.ca.

[updated February 2013]

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In law, to formally deliver documents to a person in a manner that complies with the rules of court. Service may be ordinary (mailed or delivered to a litigant's address for service), personal (hand-delivered to a person), or substituted (performed in a way other than the rules normally require). See "address for delivery," "ordinary service," "personal service" and "substituted service."

Personal property; an item of property other than real estate. See "real property."

The conditional transfer of the title to real property by an owner to another person in return for money given by that person as a loan, while retaining possession of the property. The party to whom title is given, the "mortgagee," usually a bank, is allowed to register the title of the property in their name if the person taking the loan, the "mortgagor," fails to make the required payments. See "encumbrance" and "real property."

An agreement that requires payment for the use of property, under which the owner of property, like a car or an apartment, gives up the right to occupy and use that property in exchange for a sum of money. A "lessor" is the person who retains ownership of the property and receives money for its use. A "lessee" is the person who purchases the right of possession and use of the property.

(1) In law, a court proceeding; a lawsuit; an action; a cause of action; a claim. (2) A historic decision of the court; case law. See "action," "case law, " "court proceeding," and "precedent."

A legal right to have and use a thing that is enforceable in court. See "possession."

In law, failing to do something which is either optional or mandatory, such as failing to respond to an application or to a claim within the time limits set out in the rules of court. See "default judgment."

A sum of money or an obligation owed by one person to another. A "debtor" is a person responsible for paying a debt; a "creditor" is the person to whom the debt is owed.

A mandatory direction of the court that is binding and enforceable upon the parties to a court proceeding. An "interim order" is a temporary order made following the hearing of an interim application. A "final order" is a permanent order, made following the trial of the court proceeding or the parties' settlement, following which the only recourse open to a dissatisfied party is to appeal. Failing to abide by the terms of an order may constitute contempt of court. See "appeal," "consent order," "contempt of court," "decision" and "declaration."

In law, (1) a lawyer's bill to their client or a statement, or (2) a person's recollection of events.

Child support or spousal support that is owing because of an order or agreement but is unpaid.

In law, a calculation of the allowable legal expenses of a party to a court proceeding, as determined by the Supreme Court Family Rules. The party who is most successful in a court proceeding is usually awarded their "costs" of the proceeding. See "account," "bill of costs," "Certificate of Costs or Expenses" and "lawyer's fees."

In law, a legal obligation to do or not do something, whether under the common law or pursuant to legislation. See "act" and "common law."

An agreement to transfer the ownership of property from one person to another in exchange for the reciprocal transfer of something else, usually money. See "agreement."

Something which can be owned. See "chattels" and "real property."

In law, (1) a piece of draft legislation presented to the legislature for its approval,or (2) a lawyer's statement of account for services rendered to their client. See "account," "act," and "lawyer's fees."

Under the old Divorce Act, the schedule of a parent's time with their children under an order or agreement, replaced with "parenting time" and "contact" in the new Divorce Act. Access usually referred to the schedule of the parent with the least amount of time with the child. See "contact," "custody" and "parenting time."

(1) Agreement, or (2) the giving of permission for a thing to happen or not happen.

In family law, a legal document in which a person gives up a right or a claim, or the entitlement to enforce a right or advance a claim; a waiver. Releases are usually signed following the settlement of a court proceeding or legal dispute. See "action" and "claim."

Under the Family Law Act, a term that describes the time a person who is not a guardian of a child, including a parent who is not a guardian, has with that child. Under the Divorce Act, a term that describes the time a person who is not a married spouse has with a child. See "guardian" and "parental responsibilities."