Examination of Debtors
| This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by Alison Ward in August 2018. |
Once a creditor has a court judgment against a debtor, the creditor can ask to have an examination of the debtor. This is a hearing to gather information about the debtor’s financial situation and have an order made.
Client problems
- Client has been served court papers requiring them to go to a hearing to answer questions about their ability to pay a court judgment.
Summary of the law
Once a judgment is taken against a debtor, the creditor has a number of legal methods to enforce the judgment. One method, available in both Small Claims Court and Supreme Court, is a kind of enforcement hearing. This is a hearing to gather information about the debtor’s financial situation and have an order made. At this hearing:
- the debtor is questioned about their ability to pay,
- the creditor has an opportunity to find out the financial circumstances of the debtor, and
- the creditor can get a judgment payment order against the debtor.
The proceedings differ somewhat between Small Claims Court and Supreme Court.
Small Claims Rules
The emphasis in the Small Claims Rules is on the creditor and debtor coming to a payment arrangement. If a judgment is made against a debtor but a payment order was not made at trial, the judgment creditor (the person or organization to whom money is owed), or the judgment debtor can initiate a payment hearing under Small Claims Rule 12.
If a judgment creditor applies for a payment hearing, they must file a *summons to a payment hearing* form with the court registry. The registry will provide a hearing date. The creditor must personally serve the summons on the judgment debtor, or arrange for someone else to personally serve the debtor. Service by mail is not permitted. The judgment debtor must attend the payment hearing. Failure to attend can result in the debtor being declared in contempt of court.
If judgment debtor wants to apply for a payment hearing, the process is different. The debtor must complete a notice under Small Claims Rule 12(10), file it with the court registry, and then serve it on the judgment creditor at least seven days before the payment hearing. The debtor can serve the notice of payment hearing by mail or email. (Service by mail is presumed to be served 14 days after mailing. Service by email is deemed to occur on the same day if it's sent before 4 pm, or on the next day that is not a Saturday or a holiday if it's sent after 4 pm.)
At the hearing, the judge considers the financial circumstances of the debtor and may order a payment schedule.
Supreme Court Civil Rules
Under the Supreme Court Civil Rules, there are two examination processes. The Supreme Court process most similar to the Small Claims Court payment hearing is called the subpoena to debtor process. This is outlined in Rule 13-3 of the Supreme Court Civil Rules. Under this process, the judgment debtor (the person who owes money) is summoned to a hearing to look into the debtor’s financial situation. If the debtor does not attend, they may be declared in contempt of court. Under the subpoena to debtor process, the registrar (or master) who holds the hearing examines (or allows someone to examine) the debtor. The registrar can make a payment order.
The other examination process, under Rule 13-4, is an examination in aid of execution. At an examination in aid of execution hearing, the judgment creditor (the person or organization to whom money is owed), or its lawyer, asks the debtor questions about the debtor’s income, assets and other finances. Usually a court reporter is present to record the questions and answers. For this hearing, the judgment debtor is served with a notice, called an “appointment”, which sets out when and where the hearing will be held.
Information gathering
In some instances, clients may have ignored the legal proceedings taken against them. An examination hearing in either court may be the first hearing they attend. You must get a client’s full financial picture, including a history of the court proceedings. Obtain copies of all relevant court documents, either from the client or from the court registry. Be careful to note the date of the hearing.
Solving the problem
If the client has ignored the legal process to date, advocates may need to explain the entire process. It may well be, for example, that a default judgment was taken against the debtor. (You may want to satisfy yourself that, even at this late date, there is no defence or cause of action for the client. There may still be a remote possibility of applying to set aside the default judgment or commencing a legal action against the judgment creditor.)
Explain to the debtor how important it is to attend the hearing. At the same time, review the debtor’s circumstances to consider how best to resolve their financial difficulties. If the judgment creditor is the client’s only creditor, consider negotiating some kind of financial solution on behalf of the debtor before the hearing. This might mean that the hearing need not be held. If there are other creditors, other types of financial or legal solutions may be necessary.
If an arrangement with the creditor cannot be made, you may be able to assist the debtor in obtaining an instalment payment order at the hearing. Small Claims Court judges can make instalment payment orders at payment hearings, and Supreme Court registrars can make instalment payment orders at subpoena to debtor hearings. You may be able to use these hearings to your client’s advantage. An instalment payment order protects the client: in both courts, the creditor cannot take the enforcement process any further so long as the judgment debtor is not in default of the instalment payment order.
Related topics and materials
See the other sections on enforcing court judgments:
See related topics:
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