Overview of Legal Issues in Residential Care

This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by BC Centre for Elder Advocacy and Support, June 2014.

This chapter introduces residential care in British Columbia. It provides an overview of the laws that commonly come into play for residential care facility providers, the staff and the residents who live there. The chapter is divided into two parts. The first is an overview of residential care system and the people who work in this system; the second describes key laws that govern the area and the lives of many residents.

What is Residential Care?

“Residential Care” is the formal term used by the British Columbia Ministry of Health for what the public commonly calls nursing homes, care homes, care centres, long term care homes, extended care, or geriatric care facilities. The Ministry of Health notes:

“Residential Care is for adults with complex health care needs requiring 24-hour professional care due to physical disability or mental or behavioral conditions, including brain injuries or dementia.”

The term “residential care” refers to places where a person can receive health care services, accommodation and support on a regular basis. Residential care is typically viewed as providing a higher level of care and support than other types of facilities in the community such as assisted living. Since 2002 under provincial health care policy, publicly funded (subsidized) residential care facilities are available only to people who need “complex care”(4).

While acute care hospitals are places of temporary stay for health care, residential care facilities are very importantly the person’s home in which health care, assistance and other support will be provided on a regular, ongoing basis. It is where the people live their lives and continue to have relationships. Residential care facilities are also collective settings, meaning that the rights of residents must sometimes be balanced against the individual and collective rights of other residents to safety, privacy, etc.

When is it Residential Care?

Residential care facilities are required to provide a number of core services. These include:

• Accommodation
• 24-hour care
• Meals, housekeeping, laundry, recreational activity programs, emergency response (5)
• Personal care assistance
• Other services such as physical therapy, social work and nutritional support
• A secure environment.

British Columbia’s residential care facilities differ from other types of accommodation, services and support such as assisted living facilities in the types of health care services and support (“prescribed services”) that can be provided there, as well as the numbers, and intensity of services and support. Residential care facilities must provide three or more “prescribed services”(6) These services include:

(a) Regular assistance to the person with activities of daily living, including eating, mobility, dressing, grooming, bathing or personal hygiene;

(b) Medication administration or monitoring as the person takes the medication; storing and distributing medication;

(c) Maintaining or managing the resident’s cash resources or other property;

(d) Monitoring the resident’s food intake or whether the person is adhering to a therapeutic diet;

(e) Providing structured behaviour management and intervention;

(f) Providing psychosocial rehabilitative therapy or intensive physical rehabilitative therapy.(7)

Any care facility that provides these “prescribed services” to three or more persons who are not related to each other by blood or marriage must be licensed as a residential care facility.(8)

It is not always easy to identify whether a facility provides independent living, residential care or an assisted living simply by its business name. The area is further confused by the fact that some businesses or organizations offer a “campus of care” in which different kinds or levels of health care services, accommodation and support are being offered in the building or location (for example, independent living, assisted living, residential care, and specialized dementia care). The situation is further complicated by the fact that some residential care may be provided in “extended care “(an extended care wing of an acute care hospital, or in an extended care building, which may be physically near the hospital).

Practically speaking, what makes residential care facilities in British Columbia distinctive are the characteristics of the people who live there. In contrast to assisted living facilities where residents must be able to make decisions on their own in order to live there (9), a sizeable proportion of people who live in British Columbia’s residential care facilities today may have difficulty making some types of decisions without support.

What is Complex Care?

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The term “complex care” as used by the Ministry of Health refers to care and support for people who:

• are moderately or severely cognitively impaired;
• are physically dependent (their medical needs require professional nursing care, and they need a planned program to retain or improve their functional ability);
• have multiple disabilities and/or complex medical conditions that require professional nursing care, monitoring and/or specialized skilled care (“clinically complex”); or
• have severe behavioural problems on a continuous basis. (10)

Quick Facts on Residential Care in British Columbia (2009)

In 2009, there were 348 residential care facilities in the province.(11) Together these facilities had 28,992 residential care “beds”. (12) Two thirds (19,165) of the beds came under the Community Care and Assisted Living Act. One third (9,827) of the beds came under the Hospital Act (13) (7,099 extended care beds, and 2,728 private hospital beds). Private hospitals are primarily located in Vancouver Coastal Health Authority and Fraser Health Authority. 91% of residential care beds were publicly subsidized (26,491 beds). Many BC residential care facilities have a high turnover of residents and staff Over 38,411 adults received residential care services in 2009. (14) Approximately 45-50% of the residents are new each year. There is an annual staff turnover of 50 per cent. Approximately 43% of the care aides in the province work on a casual basis (that means they have no guarantee of hours per week and may have multiple employers). Each Health Authority’s website carries basic information on the residential care facilities within their jurisdiction. See Table 1 for the websites. That may include for example, the facility’s location, the costs, the number of beds and how many (if any) are subsidized. It may also include information on whether the facility has been nationally accredited, any special security features, if there are policies on pets, scooters, or smoking. Some health authority lists of residential care facilities will also direct the public to the provider’s website with more information.

Table 1 Residential Care Facilities Listed by Health Authority

Health Authority	Listing
Fraser Health	www.fraserhealth.ca/your_care/residential_care/residences/
Interior Health	www.interiorhealth.ca/FindUs/_layouts/FindUs/By.aspx?type=Location
Northern Health	www.northernhealth.ca/YourHealth/HomeandCommunityCare/HomeandCommunityCareServices/ResidentialCare/ResidentialCareFacilities.aspx
Island Health	www.interiorhealth.ca/FindUs/_layouts/FindUs/By.aspx?type=Location
Vancouver Coastal Health *	www.vch.ca/your_health/health_topics/residential_care/
*Click on the address to find more information

NOTE: Information on a particular residential care facility’s company website will not always be up to date or accurate. In some case, it may represent the law or process of another jurisdiction.

Funding: Three Types of Facilities

The public is often very confused about care facilities, who runs it, who is responsible, and who pays. There is good reason for that confusion:

a) A care facility may be directly operated by a regional health authority. These are partially subsidized by public funds.

b) Most facilities are operated by providers that have a contract with a regional health authority. These are financially supported, but not directly operated, by the regional health authority. Most of these rooms are partially subsidized by public funds, but some providers also offer private pay rooms in the same facility.

c) The third type of facility is not connected with the regional health authority. These facilities only have private pay rooms.(15) For private pay rooms, all costs are covered by the resident. (16)

Funding for subsidized residential care comes from two main sources: the provincial government (public funds) and monthly payments from residents (or their families on their behalf).(17)

People living in subsidized residential care pay up to 80 per cent of their after-tax income as a residential care fee, provided that they have at least $325 remaining from their income each month. The fee, referred to as a “co-payment,” ranges from $1005.80 to $3,198.50 per month (2016 figures). (18)

From those remaining funds, the resident may be required to pay additional charges for “optional services “ (called “chargeable extras”), including specialized wheelchairs, private accommodation, “preferred care products”, haircut, cable, outings and telephone services (19). Since January 1, 2016 "basic personal wheelchair for exclusive use" and their basic maintenance is included in the general client rate. The cost of prescription and non prescription drugs are not covered in the residential care fee, except in extended care units.

The maximum client rate is adjusted annually based on changes to the Consumer Price Index. There is a mechanism for obtaining a “temporary rate reduction” if the amount would cause the person or their family serious financial hardship. (20)The Ombudsperson Report notes that this information on the availability of a reduced rate often was not being provided to people. The Ministry of Health has begun including the information in letters to clients and now posts it on the Home and Community Care website.(21)

What are the Differences Between Licensed Residential Care Facilities and Extended Care or Private Hospitals?

There are several important differences between residential care facilities that fall under the Community Care and Assisted Living Act and the care facilities that fall under the Hospital Act. These relate to whether the facility will have legislated care standards, physical environment standards or restrictions on double occupancy;(22) whether the facility is subject to routine inspections; whether there are reporting requirements for abuse, neglect or other incidents; and whether they are required to have a medical practitioner or registered nurse on site. Some of these differences are summarized in Table 2.

Although there are funding and other differences, all three types of facilities are licensed by the health authority.

Table 2 Comparisons of Licensed Residential Care Facilities & Licensed Private Hospitals & Extended Care Units

	CCALA (Residential Care Facilities)	Hospital Act (Private Hospitals & Extended Care Hospitals)
How people are described in law	Persons in care (residents)	Patients
Legislated care standards (23)	Yes (24)	No
Residents’ bill of rights statement	Yes (25)	Yes (26)
Criminal record checks required by law for staff	Yes	Yes
Remedies under Patient Quality of Care Review (PCQO/PCQRB)	Yes	Yes
Detailed physical standards (27)	Yes	No
Licensed	Yes (28)	Yes for private hospital (29)
Restrictions on double occupancy room	Yes	No
Responsibility to report incidents to key parties (30)	Yes	Yes
“Routine” inspections	Yes	No (31)
Inspection reports posted (32)	Yes	No legal requirement/In practice, yes but varies among health authorities
Legally required to report abuse or neglect of residents	Yes	No – not under Hospital Act
Legal protections for people reporting concerns	Yes for abuse and neglect (33)	No - not under Hospital Act (but come under general Adult Guardianship Act protections)
Medical practitioner or registered nurse required to be on site	No (34)	Yes
Prescription and non prescription drugs covered	No (35)	Yes for extended care facilities; No for private hospitals

Knowing the Specific Parties

“Residential Care facilities provide 24-hour professional care and supervision to adults in a supportive, secure environment.” (36)

It is important to recognize that the identified “24 hour professional care” does not mean nursing care (care by registered nurses). The professional care is delivered by a mix of direct care staff (typically residential care aides or health care assistants) under the supervision of a licensed practical nurse, or possibly a registered nurse. 937) The term “Health Care Assistant” (HCA) is becoming a preferred term for care aides in British Columbia.

In many residential care facilities, the registered nurse will be the Director of Care, who may or may not be on site for that facility. In addition, the residential care facility may employ other professional staff to help support the resident’s care and well-being, including for example, a nutritionist, social worker, occupational therapist, a part time physician, physical therapist or recreational therapist.

Residential Care Aides (RCAs)

Residential Care Aides provide basic resident care, offering residents assistance with the activities of daily living - such as bathing, dressing, grooming - and often serve meal trays and feed residents. They are also known as care attendants or care assistants. When directed by nursing staff (an LPN or RN), the care aides take basic measurements, such as the person’s' blood pressure, temperature and pulse. They are also the frontline workers who are called upon to collect urine, feces or sputum specimens. (38) At present RCAs are not involved in the overall planning of care for residents, although there have been efforts to make this possible as they often have the most direct contact with the resident.(39) Depending on the facility, they may provide input for care conferences to review the resident’s care.

RCAs are unregulated health care providers. A broad range of private and public colleges or institutes offer “Resident Care Attendant” certificates. In 2008, the Health Care Assistant (HCA) Program Provincial Curriculum was established.(40) While it is not compulsory at present for the various teaching colleges to use it, there is a special program recognition process for those colleges that do.(41) After June 30, 2014, all students who have completed their program in British Columbia will be required to show that they have graduated from one of the recognized British Columbia Health Care assistant programs listed on the Registry website in order to become registered care assistants.(42)

There is no regulatory organization (like the College of Licensed Practical Nurses of BC) to ensure program graduates have the ongoing skills necessary for licensing. The residential care aide program is a relatively short program. It has attracted many qualified people who had a health care career (such as nursing) before immigrating, but who do not qualify to be certified, registered or licensed in their previous occupation in Canada.

Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs)

Licensed Practical Nurses in residential care provide routine bedside care, including the distribution of medication to patients and performing personal treatment. They also help evaluate residents' needs, develop care plans, and supervise RCAs. To work as a LPN in British Columbia, the person must have completed a Practical Nursing program or other approved programs and must be licensed with the College of Licensed Practical Nurses of BC.

About 28% of LPNs in the province work for multiple employers and are casual workers often working multiple jobs and many hours in a row.

Registered Nurses (RNs)

Registered nurses hold a four-year baccalaureate degree in nursing from a Canadian university or its international equivalent. These nurses may specialize in a variety of areas such as surgery, geriatrics, psychiatrics, pediatrics, community health, occupational health, emergency, rehabilitation or oncology. In the few residential care facilities that have registered nurses, they may be the Director of Care. There are very few geriatric nurse specialists working residential care facilities in British Columbia.

“Providers” - Owners, Operators, Managers, Licensees

The Licensees (Owners, Operators) of residential care facilities in British Columbia come from a very wide variety of backgrounds. The Licensee may be a not–for-profit society, a for-profit business (including a federal pension group), and in some cases, the local health authority. Managers in many cases have a background in hospitality or management; some may have a background in health care.

Health Authorities

While the overall responsibility for residential care facilities, extended care facilities and private hospitals lies with the Ministry of Health, each of British Columbia’s five regional health authorities is responsible for most of the oversight in this area. Community Care Licensing Offices in each health region are responsible for licensing and inspecting the residential care facilities, extended care facilities and private hospitals. There are often regional differences among the health authorities in how those responsibilities are carried out. Complaint mechanisms such as the Patient Care Quality Offices are provincially legislated but are operated by each health authority.

References

1. McGregor, M.J., Tate, R.B., Ronald, L.A. et al. (December 2010).Trends in long-term care staffing by facility ownership in British Columbia, 1996 to 2006. Health Reports, 21 (4). Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 82-003-X.
2. Community Care and Assisted Living Act [SBC 2002] c. 75. [“CCALA”]. Online: http://www.bclaws.ca/Recon/document/ID/freeside/00_02075_01. (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
3. Residential Care Regulations, B.C. Reg. 96/2009 (as amended). [“RCR”] Online: http://www.bclaws.ca/Recon/document/ID/freeside/96_2009 (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
4. British Columbia. Office of the Ombudsperson. The best of care. Getting it right for seniors in British Columbia (Part 2). Public report no. 47 to the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, [page. 206]. [This publication will subsequently be referred to as the “Ombuds, Best of Care”.]
5. These are sometimes referred to as “hospitality services”.
6. CCALA, s. 2.
7. Community Care and Assisted Living Regulation. B.C. Reg. 217/2004 [O.C. 476/2004]. s. 2 [Subsequent reference will be “CCALA Regulation”]. Online: http://www.bclaws.ca/EPLibraries/bclaws_new/document/ID/freeside/217_2004. (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
8. CCALA Regulation. Also, CCALA, s. 1 See definition of “Community care facility”. Online: http://www.bclaws.ca/Recon/document/ID/freeside/00_02075_01. (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
9. There is an exception in the law when the spouse is living with the person.
10. Ministry of Health Home and Community Care Policy Manual, Chapter: 6 Residential Care Services, Section 6.D : Access to Services (October, 15, 2012) [Subsequent reference will be “H&CC Policy Manual”]
11. More recent information from the Ministry of Health identifies that there are 361 residential care facilities in the Province. See: http://www.bccare.ca/bccpa-hosts-fire-safety-meeting/
12. Ombuds, Best of Care, pg. 204.
13. Hospital Act [RSBC 1996] c. 200. Online: http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96200_01 (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
14. Ombuds, Best of Care, pg. 203.
15. Vancouver Coastal Health. (n.d.) Information on Residential Care. p. 3. This guide is available online at: https://www.vch.ca/media/Introduction-to-Residential-Care-Handbook-June-2013.pdf (Last accessed January 9, 2016) [“Vancouver Coastal Health, Information”].
16. Vancouver Coastal Health, Information.
17. Ombuds, Best of Care, pg. 205.
18. BC Ministry of Health. Home and Community Care. Long Term Residential Care. Online: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=4FEC0F570BC04692810548267D09577E&title=Long-Term%20Residential%20Care (Last accessed January 9, 2016)
19. H&CC Policy Manual. Chapter 6. Residential care Services. Section F Benefits and allowable charges. Online: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health-safety/home-community-care/accountability/hcc-policy-manual/6_hcc_policy_manual_chapter-6.pdf (Last accessed January 9, 2016). Section F.1 "Basic wheelchairs" highlights an important HCC policy change effective January 1,2016. Each residential care facility is required to provide "basic wheelchairs" with for "exclusive personal use" of residents assessed to need them; this is included in the general client cost paid by residents. Modified and specialized wheelchairs, plus other fees are still allowable charges.
20. H&CC Policy Manual. Chapter: 7 Client Rates. Section D. Temporary rate reduction of client rates. Online : http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/health-safety/home-community-care/accountability/hcc-policy-manual/7_hcc_policy_manual_chapter-7.pdf (Last accessed January 9, 2016). BC Ministry of Health. Home and Community Care. “Who pays for care? Temporary reduction of your client rate.” Online: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/accessing-health-care/home-community-care/who-pays-for-care (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
21. BC Office of the Ombudsperson. Update on Status of Recommendations. The Best of Care: Getting It Right for Seniors in British Columbia (Part 2) Public Report No. 47. Recommendation 47.
22. However even where there are restrictions, some health authority operated care facilities may exceed the double occupancy restrictions.
23. The standards are on hygiene, recreation opportunities, emergency preparedness, nutrition and the administration of medication, for example.
24. RCR, Division 2 to 5.
25. CCALA, s. 7 (1)(c.1)(ii).
26. As identified in s.4 (3) (a) of the Hospital Act [RSBC 1996] c. 200.
27. E.g. for bedrooms, bathrooms, temperature and lighting
28. CCALA, Part 2.
29. Under Hospital Act, Part 2, s.6.
30. To their local licensing office and their funding body, as well as to the affected resident’s family and the resident’s family doctor.
31. The Ombuds, Best of Care, pg.208 notes that the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority is the only exception. It has been inspecting private hospital facilities under the Hospital Act regularly since September 2007.
32. Inspection information can now be found on the specific Health Authority website. A particular health authority may provide summary, limited or no information on the care facilities and private hospitals. Interior Health provides inspection information for both types in a table form, but only identifying if there has been a critcal or non critical infraction and with no other information. However, Interior Health has developed a useful summary of "substantiated complaints" based on inspections which can be accessed online: https://www.interiorhealth.ca/YourEnvironment/ResidentialCareFacilities/Documents/Substantiated-Complaints-in-Seniors-Care-Facilities.pdf. In contrast, Fraser Health provides summary inspection reports on residential care facilities and private hospitals (online: http://www.healthspace.ca/Clients/FHA/FHA_Website.nsf/CCFL-Adult-Frameset-Facilities). Type "hospital" to quickly find private hospitals. It identifies routine inspections and those in response to a complaint. Island Health identifies whether there has been a routine or non routine visit, and if any conditions have been placed on the residential care facility or private hospital. Northern Health also provides very limited information and most of the hospitals have not received an inspection in over 3 years. Vancouver Coastal in comparison provides much more comprehensive and transparent information. As of February 2015 it has a beta website with inspection reports for residential care facilities and private hospitals, with links to the report. It identifies outstanding infractions and outstanding Bill of Rights infraction. Online: https://inspections.vcha.ca/. Vancouver Coastal also has a Legacy Inspection Report website online with older inspection reports: http://vchlegacyinspections.ca/.
33. CCALA, s.22.
34. CCALA facilities are required only to ensure that either a medical or nurse practitioner can be contacted in an emergency. However the funding agreement with the health authority may require a registered nurse to be on site.
35. People who live in either CCALA facilities or in private hospitals typically have their prescription costs covered by PharmaCare’s Plan B, but they must pay for their own non-prescription drugs.
36. Vancouver Island Health Authority. VIHA. “ Residential care Services” Online: http://www.viha.ca/hcc/residential/ (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
37. For a description of how this occurs, see: (2008) Personal Assistance Guidelines. Ministry of Health Services. Online: http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2008/Personal_Assistance_Guidelines.pdf (Last accessed January 9, 2016)
38. Howe Group Public Sector Consultants. (January 2011). Planning, attracting, engaging, and sharing knowledge: - a human resource strategy for the community health workers, residential care aides and licensed practical nurses in BC’s private and not-for-profit seniors care sector. Pg. 7. Prepared for BC Care Providers Association.{"Seniors Care HR Sector Committee"}
39. Seniors Care HR Sector Committee, ibid. pg. 14.
40. Seniors Care HR Sector Committee, ibid. pg. 7.
41. BC Care Aide & Community Health Care Worker Registry. Existing Health Care Assistant (HCA) Programs – British Columbia Important Dates - Registry Program Recognition. Online : http://www.cachwr.bc.ca/getattachment/Educators/Existing-HCA-Programs-Important-Dates.pdf.aspx (Last accessed January 9, 2016).
42. Ibid.

In law, a legal incapacity to do certain things, like enter into a contract or start a court proceeding. Legal disabilities include insanity and being under the age of majority. See "age of majority."

Something which can be owned. See "chattels" and "real property."

A legal relationship between two persons, whether of the same or opposite genders, that is solemnized by a marriage commissioner or licenced religious official and gives rise to certain mutual rights, benefits, and obligations. See also "conjugal rights," "consortium," and "marriage, validity of."

In contract law, the expression, either orally or in writing, of a willingness to be bound by a proposed agreement, contract, or settlement. See "offer to settle."

A mandatory direction of the court that is binding and enforceable upon the parties to a court proceeding. An "interim order" is a temporary order made following the hearing of an interim application. A "final order" is a permanent order, made following the trial of the court proceeding or the parties' settlement, following which the only recourse open to a dissatisfied party is to appeal. Failing to abide by the terms of an order may constitute contempt of court. See "appeal," "consent order," "contempt of court," "decision" and "declaration."

With respect to courts, (1) the authority of the court to hear an action and make orders, (2) the limits of the authority of a particular judicial official, (3) the geographic location of a court, or (4) the territorial limits of a court's authority. With respect to governments, (5) the authority of a government to make legislation as determined by the constitution, or (6) the limits of authority of a particular government agency. See “constitution."

In law, a calculation of the allowable legal expenses of a party to a court proceeding, as determined by the Supreme Court Family Rules. The party who is most successful in a court proceeding is usually awarded their "costs" of the proceeding. See "account," "bill of costs," "Certificate of Costs or Expenses" and "lawyer's fees."

(1) In law, a court proceeding; a lawsuit; an action; a cause of action; a claim. (2) A historic decision of the court; case law. See "action," "case law, " "court proceeding," and "precedent."

An agreement between two or more people, giving them obligations towards each other that can be enforced in court. A valid contract must be offered by one person and accepted by the other, and some form of payment or other thing of value must generally be exchanged between the parties to the contract.

In family law, an antiquated term referring to child support and spousal support. See "child support" and "spousal support."

In law, (2) a lawsuit, an action, or a cause of action, or (2) the wrongful act of another which gives rise to a claim for relief. See "action" and "cause of action."

In law, (1) a piece of draft legislation presented to the legislature for its approval,or (2) a lawyer's statement of account for services rendered to their client. See "account," "act," and "lawyer's fees."

Under the Family Law Act, a term that describes the time a person who is not a guardian of a child, including a parent who is not a guardian, has with that child. Under the Divorce Act, a term that describes the time a person who is not a married spouse has with a child. See "guardian" and "parental responsibilities."

In law, the re-examination of a term of an order or agreement, usually to determine whether the term remains fair and appropriate in light of the circumstances prevailing at the time of the review. In family law, particularly the review of an order or agreement provided for the payment of spousal support. See "de novo," "family law agreements," "order" and "spousal support."

A legal right to have and use a thing that is enforceable in court. See "possession."

Under the Divorce Act, either of two people who are married to one another, whether of the same or opposite genders. Under the Family Law Act, spouse includes married spouses, unmarried parties who have lived together in a marriage-like relationship for at least two years, and, for all purposes of the act other than the division of property or debt, unmarried parties who have lived together for less than two years and have had a child together. See "marriage" and "marriage-like relationship."

Short for the Child Support Guidelines, a regulation to the federal Divorce Act, adopted by each province and territory except Quebec, that sets the amount of child support a parent or guardian must pay, usually based on the person's income and the number of children involved.