Dividing Property and Debts

This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by Samantha Rapoport, Brown Henderson Melbye in March 2020.

When a relationship ends, spouses often have to deal with their property and debt. They have to figure out who gets what and who pays for which debts. Learn what the law says about property and debt division when spouses separate.

What you should know

There are property and debt division rules

In BC, the Family Law Act sets out rules for dealing with property and debt when a couple separates. These rules apply to people who meet this definition of spouse:

• they are married, or
• they have lived together in a “marriage-like relationship” with another person for at least two years.

People who lived together for less than two years are not spouses for the purpose of property and debt division. This is true whether they've had a child together or not.

Tip If you are in a relationship but don’t meet the above definition of spouse, different rules apply. See our information for couples who aren't spouses.

Family property is equally divided between spouses

Family property is everything you or your spouse own separately or together at the date of separation. But it doesn’t include excluded property. This is typically property that one of you owned before your relationship. We discuss this below.

The starting point for separation is that family property is equally divided between spouses. It doesn’t matter whose name the property was in, who used it, or who contributed to it.

Family property can include:

• real property (such as land, buildings, and houses, including the family home)
• companies or businesses
• insurance policies
• money owed to a spouse (such as an income tax refund)
• bank accounts and investments
• retirement savings accounts (such as RRSPs)
• pensions

Each spouse keeps their own excluded property

Under BC law, excluded property is:

• property a spouse brought into the relationship
• certain kinds of property a spouse receives during the relationship, including a gift from someone else, an inheritance, or a court award
• property bought with excluded property during the relationship

Excluded property belongs to the spouse who brought it into the relationship. But if its value goes up during the relationship, that increase becomes family property and will be equally divided.

Dividing excluded property

Spouses can decide to share their excluded property when they separate. They can make an agreement that it will be treated like family property. They can agree that it will be divided between them. This agreement can be made during, or at the beginning or end, of their relationship.

If one spouse wants to divide excluded property and the other doesn’t, a court can decide to do so. That is, the law says that a spouse can keep their excluded property. But a court can divide excluded property to make sure each spouse gets what’s fair. Excluded property can be divided if:

• family property or family debt outside British Columbia can’t be divided, or
• it would be significantly unfair not to divide excluded property, considering:
  • how long the spouses’ relationship is, and
  • how much the non-owning spouse directly contributed to it.

Tip What property qualifies as excluded property can sometimes be confusing. If you aren’t sure whether or not something is excluded property, you should get legal advice from a family lawyer.

Family debt is equally shared by spouses

Family debt is all debt that one or both spouses took on during their relationship. It includes mortgages, lines of credit, and credit cards. Family debt may include debt run up after separation. This is true if a spouse spent money to pay for or take care of family property.

Family debt is shared equally between spouses, regardless of whose name the debt is in or who ran it up. Spouses can make a different agreement about sharing family debt if they don’t want to divide it equally.

Unequal division of family property and family debt

Most of the time, a court will order that family property and family debt be divided equally. But, under BC law, a court can divide property unequally. This can happen if it would be significantly unfair to equally divide family property or family debt.

When might an equal division be significantly unfair? To decide, a court looks at many factors, including:

• how long the spouses’ relationship was
• whether the debt was incurred in the normal course of that relationship
• if the family debt is more than the value of family property
• the ability of each spouse to pay a share of the family debt
• if a spouse did something after separation to significantly increase or decrease the value of the property or debt
• if a spouse has to pay taxes because of a property transfer

Spouses can agree to unequal division of family property and debt

Spouses can agree to divide family property and debt unequally. They can do this:

• in a separation agreement
• by agreement in a court order called a consent order
• in a marriage agreement, made before or during marriage
• in a cohabitation agreement, made before or while living together

Courts respect agreements about property and debt division. They will enforce them as long as the agreements are fair. For more, see our information on separation agreements and marriage and cohabitation agreements.

Common questions

When are family property and family debt divided?

Family property and family debt are divided as of the date the spouses separate. On their separation date, each spouse becomes:

• a half-owner of all family property as a tenant-in-common (where a person owns a specific share in the property)
• responsible for half of the family debt

Is an inheritance family property?

Generally speaking, no. An inheritance that a spouse receives before or during a relationship is part of that spouse’s excluded property. But if an inheritance increases in value during the relationship, that increase is family property.

Also, in some unique circumstances, an inheritance can lose its excluded status. If an inheritance is in play, you should get legal advice from a family lawyer.

Are RRSPs and pensions family property?

Yes. Any registered retirement savings plans (RRSPs) or benefits in a pension plan that each spouse built up during the relationship is family property. The law has special rules for dividing most kinds of pension plans. There are separate rules for dividing Canada Pension Plan credits and other pensions not found in the Family Law Act.

Tip Dividing pensions is complicated. You should get help from a lawyer with this. In the meantime, the Family Law in BC website from Legal Aid BC has information about dividing pensions and other benefits.

What happens if a spouse tries to hide or sell property?

If a spouse tries to limit or interfere with the other spouse’s property interest, a court can:

• stop the property from being transferred to a third person
• reverse a transfer that’s already occurred, whether before or after separation
• make a compensation order to the other spouse

Do I have to go to court?

You don’t have to start a court case to divide property or debt. Also, if you’re married, you don’t need to get a divorce order first. You and your spouse can make an agreement to divide property and debt.

But if you and your spouse can’t agree, you’ll need to apply to court for an order dividing property and debt. There’s a deadline for starting this action. You have to start it two years from the date of divorce (for married spouses) or the date of separation (for unmarried spouses).

Who can help

With more information

The Family Law in BC website from Legal Aid BC has information about dealing with property and debt when spouses separate.

• Visit website

The BC government website explains how separated couples can deal with property and debt.

• Visit website

The wikibook JP Boyd on Family Law, hosted by Courthouse Libraries BC, has in-depth coverage of family property, excluded property, and family debt.

• Visit website

Free and low-cost legal help

The Family LawLINE, operated by Legal Aid BC, is staffed with lawyers who provide free family law legal advice over the telephone to people who can’t afford a lawyer.

• Call 604-408-2172 (Metro Vancouver) or 1-866-577-2525 (toll-free)
• Visit website

Also see our information on free and low-cost legal help. It explains options such as pro bono services, legal clinics, and advocates.