I Want to Claim Refugee Status in Canada
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Update: A number of changes to Canadian immigration law came into effect in June 2012. The Legal Services Society provides a summary of the major changes. This page is in the process of being updated to account for the changes. |
You can make a claim for refugee status at a Canadian border or airport, or from within Canada. To be found to be a refugee, you must meet the definition of either a "Convention refugee" or a "person in need of protection".
Convention refugees are people outside their country of nationality or residence who are unable or unwilling to return to that country because of a "well-founded fear of persecution". This means they have a good reason to believe they are in danger and that the authorities in their country will not or cannot protect them. They may fear that they will be harmed because of their race, religion, political opinion, nationality, or membership in a particular social group (such as women or people of a particular sexual orientation).
Persons in need of protection are people who, if returned to their home country or country where they normally live, would face:
- a danger of torture,
- a risk to their life, or
- a risk of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.
To prove that you are a person at risk if returned to your country, you must show all of the following:
- you are not able to get state protection from your country,
- the risk is specific towards you or your family,
- you face the risk in every part of your country,
- the risk is not the result of punishment for a crime you committed, unless the punishment violates international standards, and
- the risk is not lack of adequate medical care.
Refugee claims are decided by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.
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If you are detained, contact immigration duty counsel. Duty counsel are lawyers paid by Legal Services Society to assist people in detention at the Canada Border Services Agency's enforcement centre in Vancouver. Duty counsel provide detainees with advice regarding procedures and their legal rights, and may appear on their behalf at detention hearings. |
First steps[edit]
- Before you start a refugee claim, you should try to get help from a lawyer or settlement agency:
- If you cannot afford a lawyer on your own, apply for legal aid. See legal aid representation in the Resource List for information about applying for legal aid. To qualify for legal aid you must be financially eligible and your refugee claim must have merit.
- If you do not qualify for legal aid, contact an immigrant settlement agency; see the publication "Your Guide to the Refugee Claim Process" for a listing of settlement agencies.
- Other options for getting legal help include contacting the Law Students' Legal Advice Program or retaining a lawyer or immigration consultant privately.
- If you are at an airport or at a Canadian border crossing, start your refugee claim by telling a Canadian Border Services Agency officer that you want to make a refugee claim. You will be interviewed by the Canada Border Services Agency.
- If you are already in Canada, go to a Citizenship and Immigration Canada office to start your claim. To find a list of offices, see Citizenship and Immigration Canada in the Resource List of this Guide. Go to the reception counter and explain that you want to make a refugee claim.
- You will be asked to fill out an immigration form and you will be interviewed by an officer. The interview could take place when you first make your claim or you might get an appointment to return for an interview.
- You should complete the immigration form and answer questions at your interview carefully and truthfully. The information you provide will be used at your refugee hearing. Keep a copy of the form for your records.
- The officer will assess whether you are eligible to make a refugee claim. If you are eligible, your case will be referred to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada and you will be given a Personal Information Form to complete.
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Not all people are eligible to make a refugee claim in Canada. For example, people who are not eligible include people who have made a refugee claim in Canada in the past, people who came to Canada from or through a designated safe third country where they could have claimed refugee protection, people who are not admissible to Canada on security grounds, or people who are not admissible to Canada because of criminal activity or human rights violations. |
What happens next[edit]
Complete your Personal Information Form. This form must be submitted to the Immigration and Refugee Board within 28 days. See the Legal Services Society publication "Your Guide to the Refugee Claim Process" for step-by-step instructions on completing this form.
The next step is to prepare for your refugee hearing before the Refugee Protection Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board. At your hearing, a member of the Board will determine whether or not you are a Convention refugee or a person in need of protection. It is up to you to convince the Board that you are at risk if you return to your country. Gather identity documents, police reports, medical records and other information to show that your story is true.
If you are found not to be a Convention refugee or person in need of protection, you may be eligible to apply for a Pre-Removal Risk Assessment or to apply to the Federal Court of Canada to have the decision in your case reviewed.
Where to get help[edit]
See the Resource List of this Guide for a list of helpful resources. Your best bets are:
- Legal aid representation, to see if you qualify for legal aid.
- The publication "Your Guide to the Refugee Claim Process", which explains the process of seeking refugee protection in Canada. It includes straightforward information about how to start a claim in BC, the overall process, how to fill out the forms for each stage, and where to get legal and other help.
- Settlement agencies such as MOSAIC, which provide a wide range of services to immigration and refugee claimaints. "Your Guide to the Refugee Claim Process" includes a list of settlement agencies. MOSAIC also publishes "Immigration and Refugee Law", which provides details of the refugee claim process.
- Citizenship and Immigration Canada, which has information for Refugee Claims in Canada, explaining who can apply for refugee status from inside Canada, how to apply, and what happens next.
- The Law Students' Legal Advice Program Manual chapter on "Immigration Law".
- "Refugee Hearing Preparation: A Guide for Refugee Claimants" is a step-by-step guide to prepare for a refugee hearing, and includes sections on gathering and submitting evidence, legal issues to consider, and preparing for the hearing day.
Before meeting with a lawyer or advocate, complete the form Preparing for Your Interview included in this Guide. Make sure you bring copies of all documents relating to your case.
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This Guide explains the law and legal procedures in general. It is not intended to give legal advice on your particular legal problem, and should not be relied on for that purpose. Information in this Guide is accurate as at November 2012. Please note that fees and guidelines outlined in the Guide are subject to change. |