Difference between revisions of "Charter Rights: Legal Rights"

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{{Dial-A-Law Blurb}}
{{REVIEWEDPLS | reviewer = [https://www.vancrimlaw.com/Lawyers/Brock-Martland-QC.shtml Brock Martland], Martland & Saulnier|date= July 2018}} {{Dial-A-Law TOC|expanded = rights}}
A number of legal rights are enshrined in the ''Charter of Right''s and Freedoms. Learn about these rights, and what a court can do if your legal rights are violated.


{{Dial-A-Law TOC|expanded = rights}}
==What you should know==
==The Charter protects several rights and freedoms—but there are reasonable limits==
The ''[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]'' is part of Canada’s [http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/index.html Constitution]. It protects a broad range of rights and freedoms and gives important rights to people accused of a crime and to people who deal with government agencies. These rights are in addition to traditional legal rights and, in some cases, improve those rights. The Charter also has remedies if it is violated.


If a court decides that a law (or part of a law) or a government action (for example, police action) violates the Charter, that law or action is not valid. But Charter rights are not absolute. If it’s a law (not an action) that violates the Charter, the government can try to justify the law as a reasonable limit under section 1. Or the government can use section 33 (the notwithstanding clause) to say that the law operates despite (or notwithstanding) the Charter. (The reasonable limits clause and the notwithstanding clause are explained later in this script.)
===The Charter guarantees a number of legal rights===
The [https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/schedule-b-to-the-canada-act-1982-uk-1982-c-11/latest/schedule-b-to-the-canada-act-1982-uk-1982-c-11.html ''Charter of Rights and Freedoms''] is part of Canada’s Constitution and protects a broad range of rights and freedoms. Among the rights guaranteed by the Charter are a number of '''legal rights'''. Several are aimed at ensuring anyone accused of a crime is treated in a just and fair manner. Some apply to witnesses who testify in court proceedings.


==Legal rights in the Charter==
Some of these rights existed long before the Charter. Some added to or improved the rights Canadians enjoyed before the Charter became law in 1982.
Sections 7 to 14 of the Charter guarantee everyone certain legal rights. Some of these rights require every person accused of a crime to be treated in a just and fair manner. And some of these rights existed long before the Charter. But they are now in the Constitution.


These legal rights are not absolute. As explained above, governments can limit them under section 1 of the Charter. Apart from these possible limits, the Charter protects the rights described below. The legal rights in the Charter most often apply in criminal cases, but they can also apply in other cases—for example, if you worked for a government agency and your employer tried to search you before you left the office after completing your shift.  
The legal rights in the Charter most often apply in criminal cases. They can also come into play when people deal with government agencies.


==Section 7: the right to life, liberty, and security of the person==
{| class="wikitable"
Section 7 gives everyone the right to life, liberty, and security of the person, and the right not to lose these things unless they are taken away according to principles of fundamental justice. The Charter protects more than just the right to physical liberty—the right not to be held against your will without proper process. It also protects the right to be free from physical assault or interference, or the threat of them. It protects conduct that people are free to pursue. If the government interferes with your liberty or security, it must follow fair laws and procedures.
|align="left"|'''Tip'''
For more on your rights under the Charter, see our [[Charter Rights: Overview|overview of the Charter]] and our information on [[Charter Rights: Equality Rights|equality rights]].
|}
===Right to life, liberty and security of the person (section 7)===
Everyone has the '''right to life, liberty and security of the person''', and the right not to be deprived of these things except in accordance with the “principles of fundamental justice."


For example, if a criminal law said you can go to jail for up to 6 months if your husband or wife commits robbery, a court would probably use section 7 to strike down this law, making it invalid. The court would say that the law takes away your liberty (you could go to jail) and it does not follow the principles of fundamental justice. One of those principles is that you must be personally responsible for a crime to be convicted; it is not enough just to know someone who did it.
Section 7 of the Charter protects more than just the right to physical liberty — the right not to be held against your will without proper process. It also protects the right to be free from physical assault and interference, and the threat of these things. The Charter protects conduct that people are free to pursue. If the government interferes with your liberty or security, it must follow fair laws and procedures.


An important right under section 7 is the right to remain silent if you are a suspect in a criminal offence. The police cannot force you to answer their questions, but they may continue to ask questions even if you say that you do not want to answer.
For example, if a law said you can be sent to jail for six months if your spouse commits robbery, a court could potentially rely on section 7 to strike down this law. The court could say the law takes away your liberty (as you could go to jail) and does not follow the principles of fundamental justice — one of those principles being that you must be personally responsible for a crime to be convicted; it is not enough just to know someone who did the crime.


==Section 8: the right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure==
====The right to remain silent====
Section 8 gives everyone the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure. Section 8 affects the laws that allow police to search your home or place of business, your phone or computer, your car, or even you, in certain cases. It also affects the actions of individual police officers. Section 8 protects property if you have a reasonable expectation of privacy. So before police can search or seize, they must have a good reason to do so. For example, if the police believe that you have stolen TVs and cell phones, they cannot just enter your apartment and search you and your rooms. Such a search would usually be unjustified if the police do not have a search warrant from a judge or justice of the peace. And even if they did have a warrant, it might not be properly issued. These are examples of searches that would be unreasonable, and would therefore violate section 8. But section 8 does not protect your privacy in all cases. It depends on the context. Courts focus on the person’s expectation of privacy in the place, thing, or information at issue. For example, if you leave property at a friend’s house or put garbage out on the sidewalk for pick-up, you don’t have a reasonable expectation of privacy in those places. But if you password-protect your personal computer at your home, you have a strong expectation of privacy.
An important right under section 7 is the '''right to remain silent''' if you are suspected of a crime. The police cannot force you to answer their questions, but they may continue to ask questions even if you say you do not want to answer.


==Section 9: the right not to be arbitrarily arrested==
Although the Charter gives a broad right to remain silent, under some laws, you may be required to identify yourself or give some information — for example, if you are crossing a border into Canada or driving a vehicle stopped by the police.
Section 9 gives everyone the right not to be arbitrarily arrested, held, or imprisoned. Something is arbitrary if there is no good reason for it or if it is done because of someone's opinion and there is no good reason for that opinion. The Criminal Code and other laws control powers of arrest and those laws must be consistent with section 9 of the Charter. For example, the police can arrest a person who they reasonably believe committed a murder or fraud or some other criminal offence. The person must be brought before a Justice of the Peace as soon as possible—normally within 24 hours—to see if they can be released from custody. The police cannot hold the suspect in custody without proper grounds (or reasons) to arrest or detain them. The police must be able to justify what they did.


Another example: a person walking along the sidewalk can normally continue on their way, uninterrupted by the police—unless the police have the legal power to stop or arrest them. If the police believe the person is connected to a crime, they have a legal power to stop or detain them to investigate. If the police have reasonable grounds to arrest a person for committing a crime, they can arrest them. In this example, the person can ask the police what legal authority they are relying on, and if they are required to stop or answer questions.
In some cases, the police may not be clear about a person’s obligation to answer questions. If there’s uncertainty, you should ask the officer if you must answer the questions. Refusing to identify yourself to the police can sometimes create problems. For example, if you won’t identify yourself and do not have identity documents, the police might detain you to learn your true identity. One option is to give your name and date of birth but nothing more, unless the officer says you have a legal duty to give more information.


==Section 10: the right to know why you’re arrested==
===Right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure (section 8)===
Section 10 applies if police arrest or detain you. It gives you the right to be told promptly why you are arrested or held. You also have the right to speak to a lawyer immediately—before the police question you—and to be told that you have that right. The police must give you privacy and a way to exercise your right to call a lawyer.  
Everyone has the '''right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure'''. Section 8 of the Charter controls the laws that allow police to search your home or place of business, your phone or computer, your car, or even you, in certain cases. It also controls the actions of individual police officers.


==Section 11: rights if you’re charged with an offence==
Before police can search or seize, they must have a good reason to do so. For example, if the police suspect you have stolen cellphones, they cannot just enter your apartment and search you and your rooms. The police can go to court to get a search warrant, explaining their reasons. If the court agrees those reasons are sufficient, they can issue a warrant authorizing the search.
Section 11 puts several fundamental principles of Canadian criminal law into the Charter. It controls how a person charged with an offence is treated in a criminal case. Some of these rights, such as the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and the right not to be a witness against yourself, existed long before the Charter. One important right with a powerful effect under the Charter is the right to a trial within a reasonable time. Another is the right to be informed without unreasonable delay of the specific offence you are charged with. Section 11 also gives a person charged with an offence the right to reasonable bail unless there is just cause (a good reason) to deny it. Section 11 provides a right to trial by jury if an offence can be punished with imprisonment for 5 years or more (the ''Criminal Code'' also gives a right to trial by jury for some other serious offences).


==Section 12: the right to no treatment or punishment that is cruel and unusual==
Section 8 does not protect your privacy in all cases. It depends on the context. Courts focus on the person’s expectation of privacy in the place, thing, or information at issue. For example, if you leave property at a friend’s house or put garbage out on the sidewalk for pickup, you don’t have a reasonable expectation of privacy in those places. On the other hand, if you password-protect your personal computer at your home, you have a strong expectation of privacy.
Under section 12, everyone has the right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. When courts decide whether treatment or punishment is cruel and unusual, they often ask if it is so harsh that it shocks the conscience of the Canadian public. Torture is an example of cruel and unusual treatment.


==Section 13: protection against the use of your own testimony to prosecute you==
===Right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned (section 9)===
At a criminal trial, the accused person can decide whether to testify (give evidence) in their own defence. Other people generally cannot refuse to testify: they must do so if they receive a subpoena (a document ordering them to come to court and give evidence). If they refuse to testify, they can be charged with contempt of court. And anyone who lies in their testimony (the evidence they give) can be charged with perjury.
Everyone has the '''right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned'''. Something is arbitrary if there is no good reason for it. Being detained is when you are kept somewhere you don’t want to be.


If a witness at the criminal trial of another person is asked about their own involvement in criminal activity, they must answer honestly. But a prosecutor cannot use their answers against them. Section 13 says that testimony from a witness showing they committed criminal activity cannot be used to prove they are guilty of that criminal activity. But a prosecutor can use a witness’s answer to show that they are lying (committing perjury) in that case, or in a later case if they are charged and deny the criminal activity.
The ''Criminal Code'' and other laws set out when someone can be detained or arrested. Those laws must be consistent with section 9 of the Charter. For example, police can only detain you if there are '''reasonable grounds''' (good reasons) to suspect you are connected to a crime. If police arrest you, you must be brought before a justice of the peace (a court officer who deals with process matters) as soon as possible — normally within 24 hours — to see if you can be released from custody. The police cannot hold you in custody without justifying this is needed.


==Section 14: the right to an interpreter==
Another example: let’s say the police stop you as you walk along the sidewalk. If the police reasonably believe you are connected to a crime, they have a legal power to stop (that is, detain) you to ask questions. If the police have reasonable grounds to arrest you for committing a crime, they can arrest you. But if the police are just making conversation, you can ask the police whether you are free to go. If the answer is no, you are being detained, and you could ask the police what legal authority they are relying on to detain you.
Section 14 gives everyone the right to an interpreter in any legal proceedings if they don't understand or speak the language being used, or if they’re deaf.


==Other rights==
===Right to know the reasons you’re arrested or detained (section 10)===
Other sections of the Charter also have rights that apply to a person charged with an offence and to a person affected by a government action. Check script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Equality Rights (Script 232)|232]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Equality Rights”, and script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview (Script 230)|230]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Overview”. The Charter’s equality rights apply to criminal law and may affect what questions a lawyer can ask a witness in court, for example. In addition to the Charter legal rights, other laws give rights to anyone charged with an offence. Some of these rights existed before the Charter and they continue to apply, although the Charter does not mention them.  
Everyone, if police arrest or detain them, has the '''right to be informed promptly of the reasons for the arrest or detention'''.


==Section 1 allows reasonable limits on Charter rights==
You also have the right to speak to a lawyer immediately — before the police question you — and to be told you have that right. The police must give you privacy and a way to exercise your right to call a lawyer.
Charter rights and freedoms are not absolute. The Charter and the courts recognize that governments can make laws in the broader public interest, even if a law violates the Charter. In such a case, Canada’s Parliament or a provincial legislature can try to justify the violation—under section 1—as a reasonable limit on the right. Section 1 says that a reasonable limit must be prescribed by law and demonstrably (clearly) justified in a free and democratic society. If a government uses section 1, a court can then decide if the government has justified the Charter violation. If so, the court may allow the violation.


But section 1 applies only to written laws, not to government action, because it requires any limit on a Charter right to be “prescribed by law.” So when government action—not a written law—violates the Charter, section 1 does not let the government try to justify the action. The action is unconstitutional.
===Rights if you’re charged with a crime (section 11)===
Section 11 puts several fundamental principles of Canadian criminal law into the Charter. It controls how a person charged with an offence is treated in a criminal case. Some of these rights, such as the '''right to be presumed innocent''' until proven guilty, and the '''right not to be a witness against yourself''', existed long before the Charter. One important right with a powerful effect under the Charter is the '''right to a trial within a reasonable time'''. Another is the '''right to be informed of the specific offence you are charged with''', without unreasonable delay.


The essential questions courts must decide under section 1 are whether the law has a very important objective and whether the government chose a proportionate way to meet that objective—a way that interferes as little as possible with Charter rights. For example, could the government achieve its objective in another way, without violating Charter rights? Does the law do more harm than good?
Section 11 also gives a person charged with an offence the '''right to reasonable bail''' unless there is just cause (a good reason) to deny it. Section 11 provides a '''right to trial by jury''' if an offence can be punished with jail for five years or more (the ''Criminal Code'' also gives a right to trial by jury for some other serious offences).


==Section 33, the notwithstanding clause==
===Right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment (section 12)===
If a law cannot be justified as a reasonable limit on a right or freedom, in some cases, Parliament or a provincial legislature can say—under section 33—that the law operates notwithstanding (despite) section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of the Charter. The Canadian Parliament has never used this notwithstanding clause, but Quebec, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Yukon have.  
Everyone has the '''right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual treatment or punishment'''. When courts decide whether treatment or punishment is cruel and unusual, they often ask if it is so harsh that it shocks the conscience of the Canadian public. Torture is an example of cruel and unusual treatment.


==Remedies if Charter rights violated==
===Protection against the use of your own testimony against you (section 13)===
The Charter gives courts a lot of discretion about the remedy they can use if a Charter right is violated. Section 24 of the Charter allows a person whose rights have been violated to apply to a court for a remedy the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. Whenever someone illegally interferes with your rights, you can always sue them to recover any losses you suffer as a result. But this does not help a person charged with an offence after an illegal search or after they confess to a crime without being told of their right to speak to a lawyer. A court may exclude (not consider) evidence if it was obtained in a way that interfered with a Charter right. But a court will exclude evidence only if the accused person can show that using the evidence would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.
At a criminal trial, the accused person can decide whether to '''testify''' (give evidence under oath) in their own defence. Other people generally cannot refuse to testify: they must do so if they receive a '''subpoena''' (a document ordering them to come to court and give evidence). If they refuse to testify, they can be charged with contempt of court. And anyone who lies in their testimony (the evidence they give) can be charged with '''perjury''' (lying under oath).


The type of remedy a court uses often depends on the type of Charter right violated. For example, if the right to a trial within a reasonable time has been denied, and it is no longer possible for a person to properly defend themselves, the court may simply “stay” the charges. That means the trial won’t proceed and the person won’t be convicted.
If a witness at the criminal trial of another person is asked about their own involvement in criminal activity, they must answer honestly. But a prosecutor cannot use their answers against them. Section 13 of the Charter says testimony from a witness showing they committed criminal activity '''cannot be used against them''' to prove they are guilty of that criminal activity.


==Summary==
That said, a prosecutor can use a witness’s answer to show they are lying under oath (committing perjury) in that case, or in a later case if they are charged and deny the criminal activity.
The Charter gives important rights to people accused of a crime and to people who deal with government agencies. These rights are in addition to traditional legal rights and, in some cases, improve those rights. The Charter also gives remedies for Charter violations. As well, the Charter controls the actions of government officials, such as the police.  


For more on the Charter, check the [http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html#h-38 Charter] itself, script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Equality Rights (Script 232)|232]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Equality Rights”, and script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview (Script 230)|230]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Overview”.
===Right to an interpreter (section 14)===
Everyone has the right to an interpreter in any legal proceedings if they don't understand or speak the language being used, or if they’re deaf.


===Charter rights are not absolute===
These legal rights are not absolute. The Charter itself recognizes that some laws might violate the Charter yet be justifiable in the broader public interest. Where a law violates a Charter right, a government can try to justify the violation as a reasonable limit under section 1 of the Charter. Under that section, a '''reasonable limit''' needs to be “prescribed by law” and “demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."


If a government tries to rely on section 1 to justify a Charter violation, a court can decide if the violation is a reasonable limit. The court will look at whether the law has an important objective, and whether the government chose a proportionate way to meet that objective — a way that interferes as little as possible with Charter rights. For example, could the government achieve its objective in another way, without violating Charter rights? Does the law do more harm than good?


Section 1 applies only to written laws. It does not apply to '''government actions'''. An example of a government action would be the conduct of a police officer in making an arrest. Where a government action violates the Charter, section 1 does not let the government try to justify the violation. The action is unconstitutional. Lawyers call this a '''Charter breach'''.


==Remedies if a Charter right is violated==
The Charter gives courts lots of discretion about the '''remedy''' they can order if a Charter right is violated. A remedy is a court order to give someone their legal rights or to compensate them for their rights not being respected.


Section 24 of the Charter allows a person whose rights have been violated to apply to a court for a remedy the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. In some cases, a broad remedy may be necessary, such as '''declaring that a law is unconstitutional'''. This is often referred to as ”striking down a law." For example, if the government passed a law giving sweeping power for police to search vehicles, the court could decide to strike down the law as violating the Charter right to be secure against unreasonable search. In this way the remedy helps everyone affected by the law.


==The Charter protects several rights and freedoms—but there are reasonable limits==
In other cases, an '''individual (personal) remedy''' is ordered. For example, if the right to a trial within a reasonable time has been denied, and it is no longer possible for a person to properly defend themselves, the court may “stay” (terminate) the charges against that person. That means the trial won’t proceed and the person won’t be convicted.
The ''Charter of Rights and Freedom''s is part of Canada’s Constitution. It gives important rights to people accused of a crime and to people who deal with government agencies. These rights are in addition to traditional legal rights and, in some cases, improve those rights. The Charter also gives remedies, which give strength and meaning to those rights. As well, the Charter controls the actions of government officials, such as the police. Both the Constitution and the Charter are on the [http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const Canadian Department of Justice website].
 
'''Section 1 reasonable limits''': if a court decides that a law, or part of a law, violates the Charter, that law is not valid—unless Canada’s Parliament or a provincial legislature can justify the Charter violation—under section 1—as a reasonable limit on the right or freedom. Section 1 says that a reasonable limit has to be prescribed by law and demonstrably (clearly) justified in a free and democratic society.
 
'''Section 33 notwithstanding clause''': if a law cannot be justified as a reasonable limit on a right or freedom, in some cases, Parliament or a provincial legislature can say—under section 33—that the law operates notwithstanding (in spite of) section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of the Charter (check script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview (Script 230)|230]] for more on the “notwithstanding clause”). The Canadian Parliament has never used this notwithstanding clause, but Quebec, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Yukon have.
 
==Legal rights in the Charter==
Sections 7 to 14 of the Charter guarantee everyone certain legal rights. Some of these rights require every person accused of a crime to be treated in a just and fair manner. And some of these rights existed long before the Charter. But they are now in the Constitution.
 
These legal rights are not absolute. As explained above, governments can limit them under section 1 of the Charter. Apart from these possible limits, the Charter protects the rights described below. The legal rights in the Charter most often apply in criminal cases, but they can also apply in other cases—for example, if you worked for a government agency and your employer attempted to search you before you left the premises after completing your shift.
 
===Section 7: the right to life, liberty, and security of the person===
Section 7 gives everyone the right to life, liberty, and security of the person, and the right not to lose these things unless they are taken away according to principles of fundamental justice. The Charter protects more than just the right to physical liberty—the right not to be held against your will without proper process. It also protects the right to be free from physical assault or interference, or the threat of them. It protects conduct that people are free to pursue. If the government interferes with your liberty or security, it must follow fair laws and procedures.
 
For example, if a criminal law said you can go to jail for up to 6 months if your husband or wife commits robbery, a court would probably use section 7 to strike down this law, making it invalid. The court would say that the law takes away your liberty (you could go to jail) and it does not follow the principles of fundamental justice. One of those principles is that you must be personally responsible for a crime to be convicted; it is not enough just to know someone who did it.
 
An important right under section 7 is the right to remain silent if you are a suspect in a criminal offence. The police cannot force you to answer their questions, but they may continue to ask questions even if you say that you do not want to answer.
 
===Section 8: the right to be secure against unreasonable search and seizure===
Section 8 gives everyone the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure. Section 8 affects the laws that permit the police to search your home or place of business, your car, or even you, in certain cases. It also affects the actions of individual police officers. Section 8 protects property if you have a reasonable expectation of privacy. So before police can search or seize, they must have a good reason to do so. For example, if the police believe that you have stolen TVs and cell phones, they cannot just enter your apartment and search you and your rooms. Such a search would usually be unjustified if the police do not have a search warrant from a judge or justice of the peace. And even if they did have a warrant, it might not be properly issued. These are examples of searches that would be unreasonable, and would therefore violate section 8. But section 8 does not protect your privacy in all cases. It depends on the context. Courts focus on the person’s expectation of privacy in the place, thing, or information at issue. For example, if you leave property at a friend’s house or put garbage out on the sidewalk for pick-up, you don’t have a reasonable expectation of privacy in those places. But if you password-protect your personal computer at your home, you have a stronger expectation of privacy.
 
===Section 9: the right not to be arbitrarily arrested===
Section 9 gives everyone the right not to be arbitrarily arrested, held, or imprisoned. Something is arbitrary if there is no good reason for it or if it is done because of someone's opinion and there is no good reason for that opinion. The ''Criminal Code'' and other laws control powers of arrest and those laws must be consistent with section 9 of the Charter. For example, the police can arrest a person who they reasonably believe committed a murder or fraud or some other criminal offence. The person must be brought before a Justice of the Peace as soon as possible—normally within 24 hours—to see if they can be released from custody. The police cannot hold the suspect in custody without proper grounds (or reasons) to arrest or detain them. The police must be able to justify what they did.
 
===Section 10: the right to know why you’re arrested===
Section 10 applies if police arrest or detain you. It gives you the right to be told promptly why you are arrested or held. You also have the right to speak to a lawyer immediately – before the police question you – and to be told that you have that right. The police must give you privacy and a way to exercise your right to call a lawyer.
 
===Section 11: rights if you’re charged with an offence===
Section 11 puts several fundamental principles of Canadian criminal law into the Charter. It controls how a person charged with an offence is treated in a criminal case. Some of these rights, such as the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and the right not to be a witness against yourself, existed long before the Charter. One important right with a powerful effect under the Charter is the right to a trial within a reasonable time. Another is the right to be informed without unreasonable delay of the specific offence you are charged with. Section 11 also gives a person charged with an offence the right to reasonable bail unless there is just cause (a good reason) to deny it. Section 11 provides a right to trial by jury if an offence can be punished with imprisonment for 5 years or more (the ''Criminal Code'' also gives a right to trial by jury for some other serious offences).
 
===Section 12: the right to no treatment or punishment that is cruel and unusual===
Under section 12, everyone has the right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. When courts decide whether treatment or punishment is cruel and unusual, they often ask if it is so harsh that it shocks the conscience of the Canadian public. Torture is an example of cruel and unusual treatment.
 
===Section 13: protection against the use of your own testimony to prosecute you===
At a criminal trial, the accused person can decide whether to testify (give evidence) in their own defence. Other people generally cannot refuse to testify: they must do so if they receive a subpoena (a document ordering them to come to court and give evidence). If they refuse to testify, they can be charged with contempt of court. And anyone who lies in their testimony (the evidence they give) can be charged with perjury.
 
If a witness at the criminal trial of another person is asked about their personal involvement in criminal activity, they must answer honestly. But a prosecutor cannot use their answers against them. Section 13 says that testimony from a witness showing they committed criminal cannot be used to prove they are guilty of that criminal activity. But a prosecutor can use a witness's answer to show that they are lying (committing perjury) in that case, or in a later case if they are charged and deny the criminal activity.
 
===Section 14: the right to an interpreter===
Section 14 gives everyone the right to an interpreter in any legal proceedings if they don't understand or speak the language being used, or if they’re deaf.
 
==Other rights==
Other sections of the Charter also have rights that apply to a person charged with an offence and to a person affected by a government action. Check script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Equality Rights (Script 232)|232]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Equality Rights”, and script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview (Script 230)|230]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Overview”. The Charter’s equality rights apply to criminal law and may affect what questions a lawyer can ask a witness in court, for example. In addition to the Charter legal rights, other laws give rights to anyone charged with an offence. Some of these rights existed before the Charter and they continue to apply, although the Charter does not mention them.
 
==Remedies if Charter rights violated==
The Charter gives courts a lot of discretion about the remedy they can use if a Charter right is violated. Section 24 of the Charter allows a person whose rights have been violated to apply to a court for a remedy the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. Whenever someone illegally interferes with your rights, you can always sue them to recover any losses you suffer as a result. But this does not help a person charged with an offence after an illegal search or after they confess to a crime without being advised of their right to speak to a lawyer. A court may exclude (not consider) evidence if it was obtained in a way that interfered with a Charter right. But a court will exclude evidence only if the accused person can show that using the evidence would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.
 
The type of remedy a court uses often depends on the type of Charter right violated. For example, if the right to a trial within a reasonable time has been denied, and it is no longer possible for a person to properly defend themselves, the court may simply “stay” the charges. That means the trial won’t proceed and the person won’t be convicted.
 
==Summary==
The Charter gives important rights to people accused of a crime and to people who deal with government agencies. These rights are in addition to traditional legal rights and, in some cases, improve those rights. The Charter also gives remedies, which give strength and meaning to those rights. As well, the Charter controls the actions of government officials, such as the police.
 
For more on the Charter, check the [http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-15.html#h-38 Charter] itself, script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Equality Rights (Script 232)|232]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Equality Rights”, and script [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Overview (Script 230)|230]], called “''Charter of Rights and Freedoms'': Overview”.
 
 
[updated November 2016]
 
 
----
----


A court may exclude (not allow) evidence if it was obtained in a way that interfered with a Charter right. But a court will exclude evidence only if the accused person can show that using the evidence would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.


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Latest revision as of 06:24, 10 November 2020

This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by Brock Martland, Martland & Saulnier in July 2018.

A number of legal rights are enshrined in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Learn about these rights, and what a court can do if your legal rights are violated.

What you should know

The Charter guarantees a number of legal rights

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of Canada’s Constitution and protects a broad range of rights and freedoms. Among the rights guaranteed by the Charter are a number of legal rights. Several are aimed at ensuring anyone accused of a crime is treated in a just and fair manner. Some apply to witnesses who testify in court proceedings.

Some of these rights existed long before the Charter. Some added to or improved the rights Canadians enjoyed before the Charter became law in 1982.

The legal rights in the Charter most often apply in criminal cases. They can also come into play when people deal with government agencies.

Tip

For more on your rights under the Charter, see our overview of the Charter and our information on equality rights.

Right to life, liberty and security of the person (section 7)

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person, and the right not to be deprived of these things except in accordance with the “principles of fundamental justice."

Section 7 of the Charter protects more than just the right to physical liberty — the right not to be held against your will without proper process. It also protects the right to be free from physical assault and interference, and the threat of these things. The Charter protects conduct that people are free to pursue. If the government interferes with your liberty or security, it must follow fair laws and procedures.

For example, if a law said you can be sent to jail for six months if your spouse commits robbery, a court could potentially rely on section 7 to strike down this law. The court could say the law takes away your liberty (as you could go to jail) and does not follow the principles of fundamental justice — one of those principles being that you must be personally responsible for a crime to be convicted; it is not enough just to know someone who did the crime.

The right to remain silent

An important right under section 7 is the right to remain silent if you are suspected of a crime. The police cannot force you to answer their questions, but they may continue to ask questions even if you say you do not want to answer.

Although the Charter gives a broad right to remain silent, under some laws, you may be required to identify yourself or give some information — for example, if you are crossing a border into Canada or driving a vehicle stopped by the police.

In some cases, the police may not be clear about a person’s obligation to answer questions. If there’s uncertainty, you should ask the officer if you must answer the questions. Refusing to identify yourself to the police can sometimes create problems. For example, if you won’t identify yourself and do not have identity documents, the police might detain you to learn your true identity. One option is to give your name and date of birth but nothing more, unless the officer says you have a legal duty to give more information.

Right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure (section 8)

Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure. Section 8 of the Charter controls the laws that allow police to search your home or place of business, your phone or computer, your car, or even you, in certain cases. It also controls the actions of individual police officers.

Before police can search or seize, they must have a good reason to do so. For example, if the police suspect you have stolen cellphones, they cannot just enter your apartment and search you and your rooms. The police can go to court to get a search warrant, explaining their reasons. If the court agrees those reasons are sufficient, they can issue a warrant authorizing the search.

Section 8 does not protect your privacy in all cases. It depends on the context. Courts focus on the person’s expectation of privacy in the place, thing, or information at issue. For example, if you leave property at a friend’s house or put garbage out on the sidewalk for pickup, you don’t have a reasonable expectation of privacy in those places. On the other hand, if you password-protect your personal computer at your home, you have a strong expectation of privacy.

Right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned (section 9)

Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned. Something is arbitrary if there is no good reason for it. Being detained is when you are kept somewhere you don’t want to be.

The Criminal Code and other laws set out when someone can be detained or arrested. Those laws must be consistent with section 9 of the Charter. For example, police can only detain you if there are reasonable grounds (good reasons) to suspect you are connected to a crime. If police arrest you, you must be brought before a justice of the peace (a court officer who deals with process matters) as soon as possible — normally within 24 hours — to see if you can be released from custody. The police cannot hold you in custody without justifying this is needed.

Another example: let’s say the police stop you as you walk along the sidewalk. If the police reasonably believe you are connected to a crime, they have a legal power to stop (that is, detain) you to ask questions. If the police have reasonable grounds to arrest you for committing a crime, they can arrest you. But if the police are just making conversation, you can ask the police whether you are free to go. If the answer is no, you are being detained, and you could ask the police what legal authority they are relying on to detain you.

Right to know the reasons you’re arrested or detained (section 10)

Everyone, if police arrest or detain them, has the right to be informed promptly of the reasons for the arrest or detention.

You also have the right to speak to a lawyer immediately — before the police question you — and to be told you have that right. The police must give you privacy and a way to exercise your right to call a lawyer.

Rights if you’re charged with a crime (section 11)

Section 11 puts several fundamental principles of Canadian criminal law into the Charter. It controls how a person charged with an offence is treated in a criminal case. Some of these rights, such as the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and the right not to be a witness against yourself, existed long before the Charter. One important right with a powerful effect under the Charter is the right to a trial within a reasonable time. Another is the right to be informed of the specific offence you are charged with, without unreasonable delay.

Section 11 also gives a person charged with an offence the right to reasonable bail unless there is just cause (a good reason) to deny it. Section 11 provides a right to trial by jury if an offence can be punished with jail for five years or more (the Criminal Code also gives a right to trial by jury for some other serious offences).

Right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment (section 12)

Everyone has the right not to be subjected to cruel and unusual treatment or punishment. When courts decide whether treatment or punishment is cruel and unusual, they often ask if it is so harsh that it shocks the conscience of the Canadian public. Torture is an example of cruel and unusual treatment.

Protection against the use of your own testimony against you (section 13)

At a criminal trial, the accused person can decide whether to testify (give evidence under oath) in their own defence. Other people generally cannot refuse to testify: they must do so if they receive a subpoena (a document ordering them to come to court and give evidence). If they refuse to testify, they can be charged with contempt of court. And anyone who lies in their testimony (the evidence they give) can be charged with perjury (lying under oath).

If a witness at the criminal trial of another person is asked about their own involvement in criminal activity, they must answer honestly. But a prosecutor cannot use their answers against them. Section 13 of the Charter says testimony from a witness showing they committed criminal activity cannot be used against them to prove they are guilty of that criminal activity.

That said, a prosecutor can use a witness’s answer to show they are lying under oath (committing perjury) in that case, or in a later case if they are charged and deny the criminal activity.

Right to an interpreter (section 14)

Everyone has the right to an interpreter in any legal proceedings if they don't understand or speak the language being used, or if they’re deaf.

Charter rights are not absolute

These legal rights are not absolute. The Charter itself recognizes that some laws might violate the Charter yet be justifiable in the broader public interest. Where a law violates a Charter right, a government can try to justify the violation as a reasonable limit under section 1 of the Charter. Under that section, a reasonable limit needs to be “prescribed by law” and “demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society."

If a government tries to rely on section 1 to justify a Charter violation, a court can decide if the violation is a reasonable limit. The court will look at whether the law has an important objective, and whether the government chose a proportionate way to meet that objective — a way that interferes as little as possible with Charter rights. For example, could the government achieve its objective in another way, without violating Charter rights? Does the law do more harm than good?

Section 1 applies only to written laws. It does not apply to government actions. An example of a government action would be the conduct of a police officer in making an arrest. Where a government action violates the Charter, section 1 does not let the government try to justify the violation. The action is unconstitutional. Lawyers call this a Charter breach.

Remedies if a Charter right is violated

The Charter gives courts lots of discretion about the remedy they can order if a Charter right is violated. A remedy is a court order to give someone their legal rights or to compensate them for their rights not being respected.

Section 24 of the Charter allows a person whose rights have been violated to apply to a court for a remedy the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. In some cases, a broad remedy may be necessary, such as declaring that a law is unconstitutional. This is often referred to as ”striking down a law." For example, if the government passed a law giving sweeping power for police to search vehicles, the court could decide to strike down the law as violating the Charter right to be secure against unreasonable search. In this way the remedy helps everyone affected by the law.

In other cases, an individual (personal) remedy is ordered. For example, if the right to a trial within a reasonable time has been denied, and it is no longer possible for a person to properly defend themselves, the court may “stay” (terminate) the charges against that person. That means the trial won’t proceed and the person won’t be convicted.

A court may exclude (not allow) evidence if it was obtained in a way that interfered with a Charter right. But a court will exclude evidence only if the accused person can show that using the evidence would bring the administration of justice into disrepute.

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