The Legislation on Family Law

The most important legislation in family and divorce law are the provincial Family Law Act and the federal Divorce Act. There is also a very important federal regulation, the Child Support Guidelines, and an important academic paper, the Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines. You may also run into other laws, like the Name Act or the Partition of Property Act, which weren't written just for family law disputes but still relate to your situation.

This page describes the basic legislation on family and divorce law, and briefly reviews some of the important secondary legislation touching on family law issues.

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The Primary Legislation

The Divorce Act, the Family Law Act and the Child Support Guidelines are central to family law. While some of the subjects covered by the Divorce Act and the Family Law Act overlap, there are significant distinctions between the two laws that you need to be aware of. The chapter The Legal System > The Law has a detailed discussion of the federal and provincial authority to make laws.

Only the Divorce Act deals with divorce. Only the Family Law Act deals with the guardianship of children and the division of property and debts. Both acts deal with the care of children, children's parenting schedules, child support and spousal support.

One of the most important distinctions between these two laws, as will be seen below, lies in how they define key words like spouse and child. Depending on the particular law you're dealing with, you may fall inside these definitions or outside of them.

The Divorce Act

The Divorce Act is a federal law that you can find, along with other federal laws, at the website of the federal Department of Justice. Because of a constitutional rule called the doctrine of paramountcy, the Divorce Act is considered to be superior to the provincial Family Law Act. As a result, if you are entitled to ask for an order under the Divorce Act about child support or spousal support, you probably should.

The Divorce Act only applies to married spouses, people who are or were married to each other by a marriage commissioner or a religious official licenced to perform marriages. If you are not legally married, the Family Law Act is the only game in town. Although the court may allow someone who isn't a spouse to apply under the Divorce Act for an order relating to custody of or access to a child, that person must get the court's permission first, and the spouses must have already started a court proceeding between each other.

You must also be ordinarily resident in your province for at least one year before you can ask for an order under the Divorce Act. This means that you might have to delay filing for a divorce if you've moved to a new province within the last year.

The Divorce Act refers to children as children of the marriage. A child of the marriage is defined in s. 2(1) as:

A child of two spouses or former spouses who, at the material time,

(a) is under the age of majority and who has not withdrawn from their charge, or

(b) is the age of majority or over and under their charge but unable, by reason of illness, disability or other cause, to withdraw from their charge or to obtain the necessaries of life.

In other words, a child of the marriage is someone who is less than 19 years old, the age of majority in BC, or who is 19 and older if the child cannot support him- or herself. Since only people qualifying as spouses are obliged to pay child support, the definition of child of the marriage is expanded in s. 2(2) in include stepparents:

For the purposes of the definition “child of the marriage” in subsection (1), a child of two spouses or former spouses includes

(a) any child for whom they both stand in the place of parents; and

(b) any child of whom one is the parent and for whom the other stands in the place of a parent

The Divorce Act covers these basic subjects:

1. divorce;
2. custody of and access to children;
3. child support; and,
4. spousal support.

The Family Law Act

The Family Law Act is a law created by the government of British Columbia that you can find, along with other provincial laws, at the website of the Queen's Printer. Both married and unmarried couples may apply for orders under this act, as well as other people who might have an interest in a child, such as a family member of the child.

Section 1 of the Family Law Act defines a child as someone who is under 19 years of age. Section 146 gives a bigger definition for child support, and defines a child as including:

a person who is 19 years of age or older and unable, because of illness, disability or another reason, to obtain the necessaries of life or withdraw from the charge of his or her parents or guardians

Under Part 3 of the act, a parent is presumed to be the biological father and the birth mother of a child. However, if assisted reproduction is used, parent can include:

1. up to two people to intend to have the child;
2. a donor of sperm and a donor of an egg; and,
3. a surrogate mother.

When child support is an issue, parent can include a stepparent. Section 146 defines a stepparent as:

a person who is a spouse of the child's parent and lived with the child's parent and the child during the child's life

Under s. 3, spouse includes:

1. someone who is married to someone else;
2. someone who has lives with someone else in a marriage-like relationship for at least two years;
3. except for the parts of the act about dividing property and debt, someone who has lives with someone else in a marriage-like relationship for less than two years if they have had a child together; and,
4. former spouses.

Under s. 39(1) of the act, a child's guardians are usually the child's parents, as long as they have lived together during the child's life. Under s. 39(3), guardians include:

1. people who are parents because of an assisted reproduction agreement; and,
2. parents who never lived with child and other parent, as long as the parent "regularly cares" for the child.

Under the act, someone who is a parent or guardian can be required to pay child support. Someone who is a guardian has parental responsibilities in respect of the child and has parenting time with the child. Someone who is not a guardian, has contact with the child.

A spouse can be entitled to get spousal support from another spouse. Only spouses who are married or who have lived in a marriage-like relationship for at least two years are entitled to share family property and are responsible for family debt.

The Family Law Act covers these subjects:

1. parentage of children and assisted reproduction;
2. guardianship of children;
3. parental responsibilities and parenting time;
4. contact with a child;
5. child support and spousal support;
6. dividing property and debt;
7. orders to protect people; and,
8. orders to protect property.

The Child Support Guidelines

The Child Support Guidelines is a federal regulation which standardizes child support orders throughout Canada except Quebec. The Guidelines talk about how income is calculated and special expenses are shared between parents, and provide a series of tables, one for each province, which set out how much child support should be paid based on the payor's income and the number of children.

The Child Support Guidelines apply to child support orders made under both the Divorce Act and the provincial Family Law Act. Because they are mandatory whenever child support is being paid, the Child Support Guidelines also apply to agreements about child support.

The Guidelines, and the exceptions to the Guidelines tables, are discussed in a lot more detail in the section Child Support.

The Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines

The Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines is not a law. It is an academic paper that describes a number of mathematical formulas that can be used to calculate how much spousal support should be paid and how long spousal support should be paid, once a person's entitlement to receive spousal support has been proven.

Although the Advisory Guidelines is not a law, the courts of British Columbia and many other provinces routinely rely on the Advisory Guidelines formulas when making decisions about spousal support and the Advisory Guidelines cannot be ignored if you have a problem involving the payment of spousal support.

The Advisory Guidelines formulas, and the way the courts have dealt with the Advisory Guidelines, are discussed on more detail in the chapter Spousal Support > The Advisory Guidelines.

Other Legislation Related to Family Law Issues

This segment discusses some of the secondary legislation relating to marriage, children, child protection, the enforcement of orders and agreements relating to support payments, real property, wills and estates, and name changes.

Marriage

The federal Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act sets out the degrees of consanguinity — relatedness by blood — a couple cannot have if they are to marry each other. The federal Civil Marriage Act defines marriage as the "union of two persons" rather than "the union of a man and a woman," allowing same-sex couples to marry, and makes related changes to other federal legislation like the Divorce Act, allowing same-sex couples to divorce, and the Income Tax Act.

The provincial Marriage Act deals with the formalities of marriage, and covers such things as who is entitled to marry people, marriage licences, and the age at which a couple can legally marry.

Children

The provincial Age of Majority Act sets the age of majority at 19. The provincial Infants Act describes the legal capacity of children, such as their ability to enter into legally binding contracts or marriage settlements.

The provincial Adoption Act deals with such things as who can give a child up for adoption, who may adopt a child and the general ins and outs of the adoption process.

The provincial Parental Responsibility Act says that parents whose children have been convicted of causing damage or loss of property may be held responsible for loss caused their children's offences, up to a maximum of $10,000.

Child Protection

On 1 October 2002, the Children's Commissioner, which investigated serious injuries or deaths suffered by children, and the Office of the Child, Youth and Family Advocate, which investigated issues involving children in the care of or involved with governmental and private agencies, were replaced by the Office for Children and Youth. On 18 May 2006, this was in turn replaced by the Representative for Children and Youth, operating under the Representative for Children and Youth Act. The goals of the representative, who has significant oversight powers, are to:

1. foster respect for the fundamental rights of all children and youth in British Columbia;
2. support and promote the rights of children and youth in the care of the state;
3. promote awareness and understanding of key principles in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child;
4. monitor the effectiveness and responsiveness of services and programs in British Columbia;
5. work collaboratively with public bodies, including the Chief Coroner and the Public Guardian and Trustee, to build an integrated, #responsive process for the review and investigation of critical injuries and death; and,
6. draw on lessons learned to support and promote prevention initiatives and best practices with respect to intervention.

The provincial Child, Family and Community Service Act gives the government, specifically the Ministry for Children and Family Development, the power to apprehend children believed to be suffering from child abuse or neglect, or who are at risk of child abuse or neglect. The act regulates the conditions under which children can be seized, the conditions in which they may be placed in the care of the government, and the authority and powers of child protection workers.

Enforcement of Child Support and Spousal Support

The provincial Family Maintenance Enforcement Act establishes the Family Maintenance Enforcement Program, an government agency with the authority to enforce support orders, and sets the extent of that authority. The provincial Court Order Enforcement Act sets out the ways in which money awarded under a judgment can be collected, such as by liens against property, the garnishment of wages and so forth.

The provincial Interjurisdictional Support Orders Act allows support orders made outside of British Columbia to be registered in this province for enforcement. It also lets someone affected by that order to start a process here that may result in the variation of that order in the court that originally made the order. The act does not apply to all support orders, only to the orders of the countries, provinces and states which have a reciprocal agreement with British Columbia.

Real Property

The provincial Land (Spouse Protection) Act protects the rights of marries spouses and unmarried to their interest in the family home by allowing them to file an entry on the title of the property, but the protection ends once the parties divorce.

The provincial Land Title Act deals with all aspects of real property in British Columbia, including the conditions of holding valid title to a piece of land, placing and removing encumbrances (like liens and mortgages) on the title of a property, and the conditions under which a Certificate of Pending Litigation can be placed on title. The Partition of Property Act gives someone who owns property jointly with someone else the right to force the sale of that property over the objections of the other owner.

Wills and Estates

Marriage, divorce and living in an unmarried relationship for at least two years can affect how property is distributed through a will and how property is distributed when someone dies without a will, called dying intestate. Two pieces of provincial legislation are important here, the Wills Act and the Estate Administration Act. The Wills Act says that:

15 A will is revoked by the marriage of the testator, unless

(a) there is a declaration in the will that it is made in contemplation of the marriage, or

(b) the will is made in exercise of a power of appointment of property which would not in default of the appointment pass to the heir, executor or administrator of the testator or to the persons entitled to the estate of the testator if the person died intestate.

16 (1) In this section, "spouse" includes a person considered by a testator to be the testator's spouse.

(2) If in a will a testator

(a) gives an interest in property to his or her spouse,

(b) appoints his or her spouse executor or trustee, or

(c) confers a general or special power of appointment on his or her spouse,

and after the making of the will and before the testator's death

(d) a judicial separation has been ordered in respect of the marriage,

(e) the marriage is terminated by a decree absolute of divorce, or a judgment granting a divorce under the Divorce Act (Canada) for which a certificate was or could have been issued under that Act, or

(f) the marriage is found to be void or declared a nullity by a court

then, unless a contrary intention appears in the will, the gift, appointment or power is revoked and the will takes effect as if the spouse had predeceased the testator.

A testator is a person who makes a will.

The Estate Administration Act deals with the distribution of the estate of someone who dies intestate, that is, without a will. This is a critical piece of legislation because a certain amount of the dead person's estate is automatically allotted to his or her spouse, regardless of whether they are together or have been separated for 2 years or 20 years. Section 85 says that:

(2) This section applies if an intestate dies leaving a spouse and issue.

(3) If the net value of the person's estate is not greater than $65 000, the estate goes to the spouse.

(4) If the net value of the person's estate is greater than $65 000, the spouse is entitled to $65 000, and has a charge on the estate for that sum.

(5) After payment of the sum of $65 000, the residue of the estate goes as follows:

(a) if the intestate dies leaving a spouse and one child, 1/2 goes to the spouse;

(b) if the intestate dies leaving a spouse and children, 1/3 goes to the spouse.

(6) If a child has died leaving issue and the issue is alive at the date of the intestate's death, the spouse takes the same share of the estate as if the child had been living at the date.

The provincial Wills Variation Act allows close relatives, including unmarried spouses, who have been left out of someone's will to apply to court for an order giving them some of the dead person's estate.

Names and Change of Name

The provincial Name Act is the law that deals with changes of name, both for a married spouse following divorce and for anyone who hankers to be called something different. (The process is fairly simple for a spouse following divorce.) The Vital Statistics Act talks about the registration of new births and about the naming of infants, and should be read if you're thinking of calling your child something different like Moon Unit or Blue Ivy.