Married Spouses and the Law on Marriage: Difference between revisions

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{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC|expanded = relationships}}
{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC|expanded = relationships}}{{JPBOFL Editor Badge
|ChapterEditors = [[Stephen Wright]] and [[Michael Sinclair]]
}}
{{LSSbadge
| resourcetype = a publication on ''Family Law Act'' basics titled
| link = [https://family.legalaid.bc.ca/resources/living-together-or-living-apart Living Together or Living Apart]
}}Marriage creates a legal relationship between two people, a relationship that gives each spouse certain rights and obligations on top of whatever promises they may have made during their marriage ceremony. A proper marriage must comply with certain legal requirements, however, and, as a result, not all marriages must be ended by divorce. Some marriages are invalid from the start and can be annulled.


{{OKSUBSTANTIVE}}
This section talks about the legal requirements of valid marriages. It looks at ''void'' marriages and ''voidable'' marriages — there is a difference! — and at marriages that are ''invalid'', and ends by looking at the legal rights resulting from marriage.


Marriage creates a legal relationship between two people, a relationship which gives each spouse certain legal rights and obligations towards each other on top of whatever promises they may have made during their marriage ceremony. A proper marriage must comply with certain legal requirements however, and as a result not all marriages must be ended by divorce. Some marriages are invalid from the start and can be annulled.
==Legal requirements of marriage==


This page discusses the legal requirements of a valid marriage, void marriages, voidable marriages (there is a difference) and marriages that are invalid, as well as the legal rights resulting from marriage.
The legal requirements of a valid marriage are governed by the common law, the federal ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7vq2 Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act]'', the federal ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7w02 Civil Marriage Act]'' and the provincial ''[http://canlii.ca/t/846b Marriage Act]''. Part of why there are so many different laws involved in this is that under our Constitution, only the federal government has the authority to pass laws dealing with marriage and divorce, while only the provincial governments have the authority to pass laws dealing with the mechanics of how marriages are performed.


==Legal Requirements==
The basic requirements of a valid British Columbia marriage are these:


The legal requirements of a valid, legal marriage are governed by the common law, the federal ''Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act'', the federal ''Civil Marriage Act'' and the provincial ''Marriage Act''. The difference between the first two pieces of legislation and the last is that under our Constitution, only the federal government has the authority to pass laws dealing with marriage and divorce, while only the provincial governments have the authority to pass laws dealing with the mechanics of how marriages are performed.
*'''Relatedness:''' under the ''Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act'', the spouses cannot be related ''lineally'', as ''siblings'', or as ''stepsiblings''.
*'''Marital status:''' both spouses must be ''unmarried'' at the time of their marriage.
*'''Mental capacity:''' both spouses must have the mental capacity, at the time of the ceremony, to ''understand'' the nature of the ceremony and the rights and responsibilities marriage involves.
*'''Age:''' with some exceptions, both spouses must be of the ''age of majority'' or older.
*'''Solemnization:''' the marriage must be performed by a person ''authorized'' by the government of British Columbia to perform marriages.


The requirements of a valid British Columbia marriage are these:
Being of opposite genders used to be one of the requirements for a valid marriage. Gay and lesbian couples have been able to marry in British Columbia since 8 July 2003. With the passage of the '' Civil Marriage Act'' on 20 July 2005, same-sex couples became able to marry throughout Canada.


*'''Relatedness:''' the spouses cannot be within the prohibited degrees of relatedness set out in the ''Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act''.
For a quick summary on getting married in British Columbia, see [[How Do I Get Married in British Columbia?]]. It's located in the section Marriage, Separation & Divorce in the Helpful Guides & Common Questions part of this resource.  
*'''Marital Status:''' both spouses must be unmarried at the time of their marriage.
*'''Mental Capacity:''' both spouses must have the mental capacity, at the time of the ceremony, to understand the nature of the ceremony and the rights and responsibilities marriage involves.
*'''Age:''' with some exceptions, both spouses must be of the age of majority or older.
*'''Solemnization:''' the marriage must be performed by a person authorized by the government of British Columbia to perform marriages.
 
Being of opposite genders used to be one of the requirements for a valid marriage. Gay and lesbian couples have been able to marry in British Columbia since 8 July 2003. On 20 July 2005, with the passage of the ''Civil Marriage Act'', same-sex couples became able to marry throughout Canada.


===Relatedness===
===Relatedness===
Line 30: Line 34:
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(c) as brother and sister by adoption.</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(c) as brother and sister by adoption.</tt></blockquote></blockquote>


In other words, adopted siblings as well as birth siblings are within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity, while, on the other hand, first cousins are free to marry. A marriage which violates this requirement is void ab initio, that is, the marriage is void as if it had never occurred.
In other words, the spouses cannot be related:
 
*as parent and child or as grandparent and child, including by adoption,
*as brothers or sisters, including by adoption, or
*as half-brothers or half-sisters.
 
When you think about it, that's a pretty short list. First cousins, for example, can marry each other, if they don't mind the banjo music. However short the list may be, a marriage that violates this rule is void ''ab initio''; that is, the marriage is void as if it had never occurred.


===Age===
===Age===


Both parties must, in general, be over the age of majority. Under the provincial ''Marriage Act'', however, a marriage may still be valid as long as both parties were 16 years of age or older and providing that the marriage was necessary and in the best interests of both parties.
Both spouses must, in general, be over the ''age of majority'' at the time of their marriage.  
 
Under the ''[https://canlii.ca/t/531kl Marriage Act],'' youths ''aged 16 to 18'' can marry if they have the consent of all their guardians, or, if they have no guardians, the consent of the Public Guardian and Trustee. However, if a guardian is unreasonably withholding their consent, or can't be found to give their consent, the youth may apply to court for permission to marry.


Interestingly, the act might be read in such a way that the marriages of girls as young as 12 and boys as young as 14, the old common law ages of puberty, might still be considered to be valid. Since marriages between people this young are prohibited in Canada without a court order, this rule will only apply to preserve the marriages of young couples wed outside of Canada.
While the marriages of people under the age of 16 are generally forbidden, under section 29 of the provincial ''Marriage Act'', the court may allow such marriages if they are "expedient" and "in the interests of the parties:"


===Foreign Marriages===
<blockquote><tt>(1) Except as provided in subsections (2) and (3), a marriage of any person under 16 years of age must not be solemnized, and a licence must not be issued.</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(2) If, on application to the Supreme Court, a marriage is shown to be expedient and in the interests of the parties, the court may, in its discretion, make an order authorizing the solemnization of and the issuing of a licence for the marriage of any person under 16 years of age.</tt></blockquote>


Two rules of the common law govern the validity in British Columbia of marriages performed outside the province:
===Foreign marriages===


#the formalities of the marriage (the mechanics of the marriage ceremony) are those of the law in the place where the marriage occurred; and,
Two rules of the common law govern the validity, in British Columbia, of marriages performed outside the province:
#the legal capacity of each party to marry is governed by the law of each party's domicile.


This means that people who live in British Columbia may be married elsewhere by a hairdresser holding a badger, for example, if the laws of that place allow hairdressers holding badgers to marry people (the ''formalities of marriage''). On the other hand, if two 10 year olds who live in British Columbia are married outside of Canada by a priest or marriage commissioner, their marriage will be voidable (the ''capacity to marry''), regardless of the local validity of the marriage ceremony.
#the formalities of the marriage (the mechanics of the marriage ceremony) are those of the law in the place where the marriage occurred, and
#the legal capacity of each party to marry is governed by the law of each party's "domicile," the place where they usually live.


Invalid foreign marriages may be considered, in exceptional circumstances, to be valid in Canada. For example, a marriage occurring in a place where is impossible for some reason to comply with the local law governing marriage, because of civil war or religious discrimination for example, might well be found to be valid in British Columbia.
This means that people who live in British Columbia may be married elsewhere by a hairdresser holding a badger, for example, if the laws of that place allow hairdressers holding badgers to marry people (the ''formalities of marriage''). On the other hand, if two 12-year-olds who live in British Columbia are married outside of Canada by a priest or marriage commissioner, their marriage will be voidable (the ''capacity to marry''), even though the formalities of the foreign marriage are perfectly fine.


==Void Marriages==
Invalid foreign marriages may be considered, in exceptional circumstances, to be valid in Canada. A marriage occurring in a place where it is impossible to comply with the local law governing the formalities of marriage for some reason, perhaps because of civil war or religious discrimination, might well be found to be valid in British Columbia if the parties have the capacity to marry under British Columbia law.


A marriage which is void ''ab initio'', void "from the beginning", is void as if it had never been celebrated. In general, an application to court is not required to dissolve a marriage which is void ''ab initio'' since such marriages are void from the get go. However, you may have to apply for a declaration that your marriage is void if someone is making a claim against you based on the fact that you are supposed to be married.
==Void marriages==


A marriage will be void ''ab initio'' if:
A marriage that is void ''ab initio'' &mdash; void "from the beginning" &mdash; is void as if it had never occurred. A marriage will be void ''ab initio'' if:


#one or both spouses were seven years old or younger (the absolute minimum age required to consent to marry under the old common law);
*one or both spouses were seven years old or younger (the absolute minimum age required to consent to marry under the old common law) at the time of the marriage,
#the spouses were within the prohibited degree of relatedness;
*the spouses were within the prohibited degrees of relatedness,
#one or both of the spouses did not have the mental capacity to marry; or,
*one or both of the spouses did not have the mental capacity to marry, or
#one or both of the spouses were already married at the time of the marriage.
*one or both of the spouses were already married at the time of the marriage.


It is important to know that even if a marriage is declared void, the parties may still have certain legal rights and obligations towards each other if they qualify as "spouses" under the provincial ''Family Law Act''.
In general, an application to the court is not required to dissolve a marriage that is void ''ab initio'' since void marriages are void from the get-go. However, you may want to apply to court for a ''declaration'' that your marriage is void if someone is making a claim against you based on the fact that you are supposed to be married.


==Voidable Marriages==
It is important to know that even if a marriage is declared void, the parties may still have certain legal rights and obligations towards each other as long as they qualify as "spouses" under the provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]''.


A voidable marriage is a marriage which is potentially void but remains valid until an application is made to the court for an annulment, a declaration that the marriage is void. A marriage may be invalid and annulled if:
==Voidable marriages==


#the spouses were over seven years of age, but a female spouse was under the age of twelve or a male spouse was under the age of fourteen (the old common law ages of puberty);
A voidable marriage is a marriage that is ''potentially'' void ''ab initio'' but is presumed to be valid until an application is successfully made to the court for an ''annulment'', a declaration that the marriage is in fact void. A marriage may be annulled if:
#one or both of the spouses did not consent to the marriage or were under duress or some other kind of coercion when they married;
#a male spouse is impotent or a female spouse is sterile going into the marriage;
#the marriage cannot be consummated;
#the marriage was a sham; or,
#one or both of the spouses agreed to marry as a result of fraud or misrepresentation.


You must make an application to court for an ''annulment'', a judicial declaration that your marriage is void. Without that declaration, your marriage will remain legal and binding. The court may refuse to cancel a marriage which is voidable.
*the spouses were over seven years of age, but a female spouse was under the age of 12 or a male spouse was under the age of 14 (the old common-law ages of puberty) at the date of the marriage,
*one or both of the spouses did not consent to the marriage, or were under duress or some other kind of coercion, when they married,
*a male spouse is impotent or a female spouse is sterile going into the marriage,
*the marriage cannot be consummated,
*the marriage was a sham, or
*one or both of the spouses agreed to marry as a result of fraud or misrepresentation.


It is important to know that even if a marriage is annulled, the parties may still have certain legal rights and obligations towards each other if they qualify as "spouses" under the provincial ''Family Law Act''.
Remember that marriages celebrated in these circumstances are presumed to be valid until the court declares them to be void. Without that declaration, an otherwise voidable marriage remains legal and binding.


===Consent and Duress===
It is important to know that even if a marriage is annulled, the parties may still have certain legal rights and obligations towards each other as long as they qualify as "spouses" under the provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]''.


As with any contract, which is how marriage was historically described, if either party has not properly given his or her consent or was under some sort of duress or coercion in agreeing to the marriage, the marriage may be voidable. Essentially, the argument here is that you didn't go into the marriage of your own free will, you were forced into it.
===Consent and duress===


===Sham Marriages===
As with any contract, which is how marriage was historically described, if either party has not given their free consent to marry, or was under some kind of pressure to agree to the marriage, the marriage may be voidable. Essentially, the argument here is that you didn't go into the marriage of your own free will. You were forced into it.


Sham marriages are marriages that are entered into without the intention of the spouses to live as husband and wife, but rather for some other purpose, such as tax benefits or immigration status. While these marriages might be voidable for lack of intent, the courts have, in some cases, found them to be binding on the parties nonetheless. If you are thinking of marrying someone to help them get into Canada, think twice: you may not be able to get out of the marriage quickly if something goes wrong.
===Sham marriages===


===Misrepresentation and Fraud===
Sham marriages are marriages that are entered into without the parties intending to ever live together as spouses, but for some other purpose, such as a tax benefit or an immigration status.


Fraud and misrepresentation, terms found in the law of contracts, may also make a marriage voidable. If misrepresentation is claimed, the deception must usually be as to identity or some other material fact about the marriage itself, rather than about something like income or social standing. A classic case of fraud and misrepresentation involved the marriage of a woman to the identical twin of the man whom she had been dating and had intended to marry; the marriage was declared void on the wife's application once the deception was discovered.
While these marriages might be voidable for lack of intent, the courts have, in some cases, found them to be binding on the parties nonetheless. If you are thinking of marrying someone to help them get into Canada, think twice. You may not be able to get out of the marriage quickly if something goes wrong.


===Capacity to Reproduce===
===Misrepresentation and fraud===


A marriage may be voidable if either spouse lacked the personal capacity to have children going into the marriage.
Fraud and misrepresentation, terms also found in the law of contracts, may also make a marriage voidable. The argument here is that you were tricked into the marriage in some way. A classic case of fraud and misrepresentation involved the marriage of a woman to the identical twin of the man whom she had been dating and had intended to marry &mdash; the marriage was declared void on the wife's application once the deception was discovered.


===Failure to Consummate a Marriage===
If misrepresentation is claimed, the deception must usually be as to the identity of one of the spouses or some other fundamental fact about the marriage itself, rather than about something like income or social <span class="noglossary">standing</span>.


It used to be the case, and many people think this is still true, that if the spouses never had sex the marriage was voidable. The common law has developed in a somewhat different direction. A spouse must have either a complete inability to have sex because of some physical problem, or an "invincible repugnance" to the prospect of sex which is psychological in nature. Be warned that one instance of consummation will defeat either spouse's ability to claim inability to consummate as a ground of voidability.
===Capacity to reproduce===


A 2004 case of the Supreme Court, ''Grewal v. Sohal'', reviewed the law on applications to annul a marriage based on non-consummation. The court held that the applicant must prove that:
A marriage may be voidable if either spouse lacked the biological capacity to have children going into the marriage.


#there had been no consummation of the marriage;
===Inability to consummate a marriage===
#the refusal to consummate the marriage was persistent and not due to capricious obstinacy;
#the applicant has an invincible aversion to sex with the other spouse;
#the aversion was the result of some sort of incapacity; and,
#the incapacity may be based on normal, predictable reactions.


==Invalid Marriages==
It used to be the <span class="noglossary">case</span>, and many people think this is still true, that a marriage can be annulled if the spouses never have sex. The common law on this subject has developed in a somewhat different direction. A spouse must have either a complete inability to have sex, because of some physical problem, or an "invincible repugnance" to the prospect of sex which is psychological in nature. Be warned that one instance of consummation will defeat either spouse's ability to claim "inability to consummate" as a ground of voidability.


An invalid marriage is a marriage which does not comply with the formalities of marriage. These formalities include the authority of the person conducting the marriage to actually perform the marriage, the age of the parties, or errors in the parties' marriage licence.
A 2004 case of the British Columbia Supreme Court, ''[http://canlii.ca/t/1q1m1 Grewal v Sohal]'', reviewed the law on applications to annul a marriage based on an inability to consummate. The court held that the applicant must prove that:


There is a common law presumption that a marriage should not be declared invalid merely because the marriage didn't meet the required formalities, and the court will try to uphold invalid marriages when it can. Section 16 of the provincial ''Marriage Act'' provides, for example, that irregularities in a marriage licence won't invalidate a marriage entered into in good faith; s. 11 similarly provides that a marriage conducted by an unauthorized person won't be declared invalid if the marriage is unchallenged.
*the spouses had never consummated the marriage,
*the refusal to consummate the marriage was persistent and not due to a "capricious obstinacy,"
*the applicant has an "invincible aversion" to sex with the other spouse, and
*the aversion was the result of some sort of incapacity.


==Married Spouses' Rights and Responsibilities==
==Invalid marriages==


While a couple is married, the federal ''Criminal Code'' requires each spouse to provide the other with the "necessities of life", whatever that means. Apart from that, there are no laws that define the duties involved in marriage.
An invalid marriage is a marriage that does not comply with the formalities of marriage. These formalities include the authority of the person conducting the marriage to actually perform the marriage, an error in the marriage ceremony, or errors in the parties' marriage license.


When a married couple separates, each of the spouses have certain rights under the federal ''Divorce Act'' and the provincial ''Family Law Act''. Under the ''Divorce Act'', a spouse can ask for:
There is a common-law presumption that a marriage should not be declared invalid merely because the marriage didn't meet the required formalities, and the court will try to uphold invalid marriages when it can. Section 16 of the provincial ''Marriage Act'' provides, for example, that irregularities in a marriage license won't invalidate a marriage entered into in good faith; section 11 similarly provides that a marriage conducted by an unauthorized person won't be declared invalid if the marriage is unchallenged.


#a divorce;
==Criminal marriages==
#custody of and access to any children born of the marriage;
#child support for any children born of the marriage as well as for any stepchildren; and,
#spousal support.


Under the ''Family Law Act'', a spouse can ask for:
In a few circumstances, marriage may wind up getting you charged with an offence under the ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7vf2 Criminal Code]''. Section 290 of the ''Code'' makes it an offence to commit ''bigamy''. This section says that:


#parental responsibilities and parenting time in respect of any children;
<blockquote><tt>(1) Every one commits bigamy who</tt></blockquote>
#child support for any children born of the marriage as well as for any stepchildren;
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(a) in Canada,</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
#spousal support';
<blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><tt>(i) being married, goes through a form of marriage with another person,</tt></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote>
#a share of the family property and any family debt;  
<blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><tt>(ii) knowing that another person is married, goes through a form of marriage with that person, or</tt></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote>
#an order protecting property; and,
<blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><tt>(iii) on the same day or simultaneously, goes through a form of marriage with more than one person; or</tt></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote>
#a protection order if he or she feels at risk of family violence.
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(b) being a Canadian citizen resident in Canada leaves Canada with intent to do anything mentioned in subparagraphs (a)(i) to (iii) and, pursuant thereto, does outside Canada anything mentioned in those subparagraphs in circumstances mentioned therein.</tt></blockquote></blockquote>


All these issues except for divorce can be resolved by the spouses' agreement rather than be argued about in court. To get a divorce, the court must make a divorce order.
That's a long way of saying that you can't marry someone else if you're already married, and that you can't try to get around this restriction by marrying two people at the same time.
 
Section 293 of the ''Code'' makes it an offence to commit ''polygamy''. If bigamy means "two marriages", polygamy must mean more than two marriages, but what this section is really trying to get at is the "plural marriage" idea promoted by fundamentalist adherents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as seen on TLC's long-running reality show [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Wives Sister Wives]. From a technical perspective, bigamy and polygamy are pretty hard to tell apart. Either way, you're marrying more than one other person.
 
Believe it or not, the ''Criminal Code'' includes a number of other offences related to marriage, including:
 
*procuring a feigned marriage, section 292,
*pretending to solemnize a marriage, section 294, and
*solemnizing a marriage contrary to law, section 295.
 
Now, to be clear, ''polyamory'' is not a criminal offence. Polyamory, which is discussed in the section [[Polyamorous Relationships]] later in this chapter, is about consensual relationships between more than two adults, not marriages between more than two adults.
 
==The rights and responsibilities of married spouses==
 
While a couple is married, section 215(1) of the federal ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7vf2 Criminal Code]'' requires each spouse to provide the other with the "necessaries of life," whatever that might exactly mean. Apart from this one provision of the criminal law, there is no legislation that defines the duties spouses owe to each other during their marriage. (Under the old common law, marriage actually involved a number of specific obligations, including the duty of married spouses to live together and to provide each other with companionship and the other benefits of married life, as well as a number of other obligations that depended on the spouse's gender.)
 
When a married couple separates, however, each of them has certain entitlements under the federal ''[[Divorce Act]]'' and the provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]''. Under the ''Divorce Act'', a separated spouse can ask for:


==Further Reading in this Chapter==
*a divorce, to legally end the marriage,
*decision-making responsibility for, and parenting time with, the children,
*child support for any children born during the marriage, and for any stepchildren brought into the marriage, and
*spousal support.


* <span style="color: red;">bulleted list of other pages in this chapter, linked</span>
Under the ''Family Law Act'', a separated spouse can ask for:


==Page Resources and Links==
*parental responsibilities for, and parenting time with, the children,
*child support for any children born during the marriage, and for any stepchildren brought into the marriage,
*spousal support,
*the division of the family property and any family debt,
*an order protecting persons, and
*an order protecting property.
 
All these issues except for divorce can be resolved by the spouses' agreement rather than be argued about in court. To get a divorce, the court must make a divorce order.
 
==Resources and links==


===Legislation===
===Legislation===


* <span style="color: red;">bulleted list of linked legislation referred to in page</span>
* ''[https://canlii.ca/t/8q3k Family Law Act]''
FLA, DA, Civil Marriage Act, marriage prohibited degrees act, Marriage Act,
* ''[https://canlii.ca/t/551f9 Divorce Act]''
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7w02 Civil Marriage Act]''
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7vq2 Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act]''
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/846b Marriage Act]''
* ''[https://canlii.ca/t/5533n Criminal Code]''


===Links===
===Links===


* <span style="color: red;">bulleted list of linked external websites referred to in page</span>
*[https://connect.health.gov.bc.ca/marriage-commissioners Vital Statistics Agency: Search for marriage commissioners]
*[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/life-events/marriage Vital Statistics Agency: Marriage registration and certificates information]
*[https://dialalaw.peopleslawschool.ca/getting-married/ Getting Married in British Columbia] from Dial-a-Law by the People's Law School
*[https://dialalaw.peopleslawschool.ca/requirements-for-divorce-and-annulment/ Requirements for Divorce and Annulment] from Dial-a-Law by the People's Law School
*[https://family.legalaid.bc.ca/separation-divorce/getting-a-divorce/marriages-divorces-annulments-inside-outside-Canada Marriages, divorces, and annulments inside and outside Canada] from Legal Aid BC
 
===Resources===
 
*[https://bit.ly/3AoGrfy "Ending Relationships" video] from JP Boyd
<!--REMOVED UNTIL CLBC LIBRARIANS REPLACE THIS WITH UPDATED INFORMATION *[https://www.courthouselibrary.ca/how-we-can-help/our-legal-knowledge-base/where-can-i-find-precedents-marriage-annulments "Where can I find precedents for marriage annulments?"] from Courthouse Libraries BC-->


{{REVIEWED | reviewer = [[JP Boyd]], 26 February 2023}}


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JP Boyd on Family Law
JP Boyd on Family Law
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Introduction · Family Law in BC
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Divorce Act Basics · Family Law Act Basics
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 · Unmarried Spouses

 · Parents

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 · Adoption

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Supreme Court: Forms & Examples
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Marriage creates a legal relationship between two people, a relationship that gives each spouse certain rights and obligations on top of whatever promises they may have made during their marriage ceremony. A proper marriage must comply with certain legal requirements, however, and, as a result, not all marriages must be ended by divorce. Some marriages are invalid from the start and can be annulled.

This section talks about the legal requirements of valid marriages. It looks at void marriages and voidable marriages — there is a difference! — and at marriages that are invalid, and ends by looking at the legal rights resulting from marriage.

Legal requirements of marriage

The legal requirements of a valid marriage are governed by the common law, the federal Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act, the federal Civil Marriage Act and the provincial Marriage Act. Part of why there are so many different laws involved in this is that under our Constitution, only the federal government has the authority to pass laws dealing with marriage and divorce, while only the provincial governments have the authority to pass laws dealing with the mechanics of how marriages are performed.

The basic requirements of a valid British Columbia marriage are these:

  • Relatedness: under the Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act, the spouses cannot be related lineally, as siblings, or as stepsiblings.
  • Marital status: both spouses must be unmarried at the time of their marriage.
  • Mental capacity: both spouses must have the mental capacity, at the time of the ceremony, to understand the nature of the ceremony and the rights and responsibilities marriage involves.
  • Age: with some exceptions, both spouses must be of the age of majority or older.
  • Solemnization: the marriage must be performed by a person authorized by the government of British Columbia to perform marriages.

Being of opposite genders used to be one of the requirements for a valid marriage. Gay and lesbian couples have been able to marry in British Columbia since 8 July 2003. With the passage of the Civil Marriage Act on 20 July 2005, same-sex couples became able to marry throughout Canada.

For a quick summary on getting married in British Columbia, see How Do I Get Married in British Columbia?. It's located in the section Marriage, Separation & Divorce in the Helpful Guides & Common Questions part of this resource.

Relatedness

Section 2(2) of the federal Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act states that:

No person shall marry another person if they are related

(a) lineally by consanguinity or adoption;

(b) as brother and sister by consanguinity, whether by the whole blood or by the half-blood; or

(c) as brother and sister by adoption.

In other words, the spouses cannot be related:

  • as parent and child or as grandparent and child, including by adoption,
  • as brothers or sisters, including by adoption, or
  • as half-brothers or half-sisters.

When you think about it, that's a pretty short list. First cousins, for example, can marry each other, if they don't mind the banjo music. However short the list may be, a marriage that violates this rule is void ab initio; that is, the marriage is void as if it had never occurred.

Age

Both spouses must, in general, be over the age of majority at the time of their marriage.

Under the Marriage Act, youths aged 16 to 18 can marry if they have the consent of all their guardians, or, if they have no guardians, the consent of the Public Guardian and Trustee. However, if a guardian is unreasonably withholding their consent, or can't be found to give their consent, the youth may apply to court for permission to marry.

While the marriages of people under the age of 16 are generally forbidden, under section 29 of the provincial Marriage Act, the court may allow such marriages if they are "expedient" and "in the interests of the parties:"

(1) Except as provided in subsections (2) and (3), a marriage of any person under 16 years of age must not be solemnized, and a licence must not be issued.

(2) If, on application to the Supreme Court, a marriage is shown to be expedient and in the interests of the parties, the court may, in its discretion, make an order authorizing the solemnization of and the issuing of a licence for the marriage of any person under 16 years of age.

Foreign marriages

Two rules of the common law govern the validity, in British Columbia, of marriages performed outside the province:

  1. the formalities of the marriage (the mechanics of the marriage ceremony) are those of the law in the place where the marriage occurred, and
  2. the legal capacity of each party to marry is governed by the law of each party's "domicile," the place where they usually live.

This means that people who live in British Columbia may be married elsewhere by a hairdresser holding a badger, for example, if the laws of that place allow hairdressers holding badgers to marry people (the formalities of marriage). On the other hand, if two 12-year-olds who live in British Columbia are married outside of Canada by a priest or marriage commissioner, their marriage will be voidable (the capacity to marry), even though the formalities of the foreign marriage are perfectly fine.

Invalid foreign marriages may be considered, in exceptional circumstances, to be valid in Canada. A marriage occurring in a place where it is impossible to comply with the local law governing the formalities of marriage for some reason, perhaps because of civil war or religious discrimination, might well be found to be valid in British Columbia if the parties have the capacity to marry under British Columbia law.

Void marriages

A marriage that is void ab initio — void "from the beginning" — is void as if it had never occurred. A marriage will be void ab initio if:

  • one or both spouses were seven years old or younger (the absolute minimum age required to consent to marry under the old common law) at the time of the marriage,
  • the spouses were within the prohibited degrees of relatedness,
  • one or both of the spouses did not have the mental capacity to marry, or
  • one or both of the spouses were already married at the time of the marriage.

In general, an application to the court is not required to dissolve a marriage that is void ab initio since void marriages are void from the get-go. However, you may want to apply to court for a declaration that your marriage is void if someone is making a claim against you based on the fact that you are supposed to be married.

It is important to know that even if a marriage is declared void, the parties may still have certain legal rights and obligations towards each other as long as they qualify as "spouses" under the provincial Family Law Act.

Voidable marriages

A voidable marriage is a marriage that is potentially void ab initio but is presumed to be valid until an application is successfully made to the court for an annulment, a declaration that the marriage is in fact void. A marriage may be annulled if:

  • the spouses were over seven years of age, but a female spouse was under the age of 12 or a male spouse was under the age of 14 (the old common-law ages of puberty) at the date of the marriage,
  • one or both of the spouses did not consent to the marriage, or were under duress or some other kind of coercion, when they married,
  • a male spouse is impotent or a female spouse is sterile going into the marriage,
  • the marriage cannot be consummated,
  • the marriage was a sham, or
  • one or both of the spouses agreed to marry as a result of fraud or misrepresentation.

Remember that marriages celebrated in these circumstances are presumed to be valid until the court declares them to be void. Without that declaration, an otherwise voidable marriage remains legal and binding.

It is important to know that even if a marriage is annulled, the parties may still have certain legal rights and obligations towards each other as long as they qualify as "spouses" under the provincial Family Law Act.

Consent and duress

As with any contract, which is how marriage was historically described, if either party has not given their free consent to marry, or was under some kind of pressure to agree to the marriage, the marriage may be voidable. Essentially, the argument here is that you didn't go into the marriage of your own free will. You were forced into it.

Sham marriages

Sham marriages are marriages that are entered into without the parties intending to ever live together as spouses, but for some other purpose, such as a tax benefit or an immigration status.

While these marriages might be voidable for lack of intent, the courts have, in some cases, found them to be binding on the parties nonetheless. If you are thinking of marrying someone to help them get into Canada, think twice. You may not be able to get out of the marriage quickly if something goes wrong.

Misrepresentation and fraud

Fraud and misrepresentation, terms also found in the law of contracts, may also make a marriage voidable. The argument here is that you were tricked into the marriage in some way. A classic case of fraud and misrepresentation involved the marriage of a woman to the identical twin of the man whom she had been dating and had intended to marry — the marriage was declared void on the wife's application once the deception was discovered.

If misrepresentation is claimed, the deception must usually be as to the identity of one of the spouses or some other fundamental fact about the marriage itself, rather than about something like income or social standing.

Capacity to reproduce

A marriage may be voidable if either spouse lacked the biological capacity to have children going into the marriage.

Inability to consummate a marriage

It used to be the case, and many people think this is still true, that a marriage can be annulled if the spouses never have sex. The common law on this subject has developed in a somewhat different direction. A spouse must have either a complete inability to have sex, because of some physical problem, or an "invincible repugnance" to the prospect of sex which is psychological in nature. Be warned that one instance of consummation will defeat either spouse's ability to claim "inability to consummate" as a ground of voidability.

A 2004 case of the British Columbia Supreme Court, Grewal v Sohal, reviewed the law on applications to annul a marriage based on an inability to consummate. The court held that the applicant must prove that:

  • the spouses had never consummated the marriage,
  • the refusal to consummate the marriage was persistent and not due to a "capricious obstinacy,"
  • the applicant has an "invincible aversion" to sex with the other spouse, and
  • the aversion was the result of some sort of incapacity.

Invalid marriages

An invalid marriage is a marriage that does not comply with the formalities of marriage. These formalities include the authority of the person conducting the marriage to actually perform the marriage, an error in the marriage ceremony, or errors in the parties' marriage license.

There is a common-law presumption that a marriage should not be declared invalid merely because the marriage didn't meet the required formalities, and the court will try to uphold invalid marriages when it can. Section 16 of the provincial Marriage Act provides, for example, that irregularities in a marriage license won't invalidate a marriage entered into in good faith; section 11 similarly provides that a marriage conducted by an unauthorized person won't be declared invalid if the marriage is unchallenged.

Criminal marriages

In a few circumstances, marriage may wind up getting you charged with an offence under the Criminal Code. Section 290 of the Code makes it an offence to commit bigamy. This section says that:

(1) Every one commits bigamy who

(a) in Canada,

(i) being married, goes through a form of marriage with another person,

(ii) knowing that another person is married, goes through a form of marriage with that person, or

(iii) on the same day or simultaneously, goes through a form of marriage with more than one person; or

(b) being a Canadian citizen resident in Canada leaves Canada with intent to do anything mentioned in subparagraphs (a)(i) to (iii) and, pursuant thereto, does outside Canada anything mentioned in those subparagraphs in circumstances mentioned therein.

That's a long way of saying that you can't marry someone else if you're already married, and that you can't try to get around this restriction by marrying two people at the same time.

Section 293 of the Code makes it an offence to commit polygamy. If bigamy means "two marriages", polygamy must mean more than two marriages, but what this section is really trying to get at is the "plural marriage" idea promoted by fundamentalist adherents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as seen on TLC's long-running reality show Sister Wives. From a technical perspective, bigamy and polygamy are pretty hard to tell apart. Either way, you're marrying more than one other person.

Believe it or not, the Criminal Code includes a number of other offences related to marriage, including:

  • procuring a feigned marriage, section 292,
  • pretending to solemnize a marriage, section 294, and
  • solemnizing a marriage contrary to law, section 295.

Now, to be clear, polyamory is not a criminal offence. Polyamory, which is discussed in the section Polyamorous Relationships later in this chapter, is about consensual relationships between more than two adults, not marriages between more than two adults.

The rights and responsibilities of married spouses

While a couple is married, section 215(1) of the federal Criminal Code requires each spouse to provide the other with the "necessaries of life," whatever that might exactly mean. Apart from this one provision of the criminal law, there is no legislation that defines the duties spouses owe to each other during their marriage. (Under the old common law, marriage actually involved a number of specific obligations, including the duty of married spouses to live together and to provide each other with companionship and the other benefits of married life, as well as a number of other obligations that depended on the spouse's gender.)

When a married couple separates, however, each of them has certain entitlements under the federal Divorce Act and the provincial Family Law Act. Under the Divorce Act, a separated spouse can ask for:

  • a divorce, to legally end the marriage,
  • decision-making responsibility for, and parenting time with, the children,
  • child support for any children born during the marriage, and for any stepchildren brought into the marriage, and
  • spousal support.

Under the Family Law Act, a separated spouse can ask for:

  • parental responsibilities for, and parenting time with, the children,
  • child support for any children born during the marriage, and for any stepchildren brought into the marriage,
  • spousal support,
  • the division of the family property and any family debt,
  • an order protecting persons, and
  • an order protecting property.

All these issues except for divorce can be resolved by the spouses' agreement rather than be argued about in court. To get a divorce, the court must make a divorce order.

Resources and links

Legislation

Links

Resources


This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by JP Boyd, 26 February 2023.


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