Difference between revisions of "Parents"

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{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC|expanded = relationships}}
{{JP Boyd on Family Law TOC|expanded = relationships}}{{JPBOFL Editor Badge
|ChapterEditors = [[Stephen Wright]] and [[Michael Sinclair]]
}}
{{LSSbadge
{{LSSbadge
| resourcetype = a publication on ''Family Law Act'' basics titled <br/>
| resourcetype = a publication on ''Family Law Act'' basics titled <br/>
| link = [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/1058 Living Together or Living Apart]
| link = [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/1058 Living Together or Living Apart]
}}Your relationship may have been <span class="noglossary">brief</span>, but if you and your boyfriend or girlfriend have had a child together, you are both responsible for meeting the child's financial needs and you both may have the right to participate in raising the child. Paying child support is an obligation that comes from being a parent, but actually parenting a child is a privilege not a right.
}}Your relationship may have been <span class="noglossary">brief</span>, but if you have had a child with someone, you are both responsible for meeting the child's financial needs and you may both be entitled to participate in raising the child. Although the duty to pay child support comes from the simple fact of being a parent, whether you wanted to be a parent or not, being a parent doesn't come with the right to be involved in parenting a child. It is the ''child's'' right to benefit from the payment of child support and the ''child's'' right to be parented properly, to be provided with food, shelter, healthcare and clothing, and to be nurtured toward adulthood in the best way possible.


This section is for unmarried people who have had a child but who never lived together, and, as result, are not spouses. It talks about the legal issues unmarried parents may have to deal with and those they don't, and discusses the two most common issues couples like this have to deal with: child support and the care of children.
Children have these rights whether their parents are married, living together in a marriage-like relationship or have no relationship with each other at all. This section is for unmarried parents who have had a child but never lived together, and, as result, don't qualify as "spouses" under the ''Family Law Act''. It talks about the legal issues unmarried parents may have to deal with and those they don't, and discusses the two most common issues parents have to deal with, child support and parenting children.


==Introduction==
==Introduction==


The provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]'' applies to couples that are or were in long-term cohabiting relationships and to couples who weren't in long relationships but have had a child together. Almost all of the orders the act talks about aren't available to couples who aren't married and who don't qualify as unmarried spouses. As a result, parents who didn't live together aren't entitled to ask for spousal support and are excluded from the parts of the act that talk about sharing family property and family debt. What they can ask for are orders about the care of their children and about child support.
The provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]'' applies to anyone who is the parent of a child, regardless of the nature of their relationship with the other parent or parents of their child, and regardless of whether they are the parent of the child as a result of natural reproduction, adoption or assisted reproduction.


The federal ''[[Divorce Act]]'' only applies to people who are or were married to each other; it doesn't apply to unmarried couples, including couples who qualify as unmarried spouses.
The act talks about how to identify who the parents of a child are when the child is born by natural reproduction or assisted reproduction. When a child is adopted, the ''Family Law Act'' says that the child's parents are determined by the provincial [http://canlii.ca/t/84g5 Adoption Act].


===Orders available to unmarried couples===
The ''Family Law Act'' also talks about how parents can:


Under the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', couples who neither married nor lived together have certain rights and obligations toward one another if they have a child. One or both of them will also be entitled to certain government benefits as a result of being parents, but those rights don't come from the ''Family Law Act'', they come from legislation like the provincial [http://canlii.ca/t/8541 Income Tax (BC Family Bonus) Regulation] and the federal ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7wmq Income Tax Act]''.
*ask for declarations and orders about who the guardians of a child are,
*make agreements or ask for orders about parental responsibilities and parenting time with a child, if the parent is also a guardian of the child,
*make agreements or ask for orders about contact with a child, if the parent is not a guardian of the child,
*make agreements or ask for orders about the payment of child support, and
*ask for orders for the protection of people.


====Children and child support====
Parents who don't qualify as "spouses" under section 3 of the ''Family Law Act'' &mdash; see the first section in this chapter for more information about who qualifies as a spouse under the act &mdash; ''cannot'' use the act to ask for orders about:


There is no minimum length-of-relationship requirement for any claim under the ''Family Law Act'' involving children. A parent is a parent, regardless of the sort of relationship that produced the child.
*the payment of spousal support,
*the division of property and debt, or
*orders for the protection of property.


A parent may apply for all of the orders available under the ''Family Law Act'' that concern children, from child support to guardianship to the various restraining orders that are available to protect a child from harm. Issues about children are discussed in a little more detail further on in this section.
The federal ''[[Divorce Act]]'' only applies to people who are or were married to each other; it doesn't apply to people in unmarried relationships, including parents who aren't married to each other.


====Property====
==Who is a "child?"==


In a short relationship, each person will generally be entitled to keep whatever he or she brought into the relationship and anything he or she received as a gift from the other person. If there are any jointly owned assets ― property that both people own and that is registered in both names ― like a house or a car, there is a legal presumption that each owner is entitled to an equal interest in the asset, whether the couple contributed equally to its purchase or not.  
For the parts of the ''[[Family Law Act]]'' that talk about guardianship and parenting, a "child" is a person under the age of 19, the age of majority in British Columbia. For the parts of the act that talk about child support, the definition is a bit broader. Section 146 says this:


Although unmarried couples who lived together for less than two years, or didn't live together at all, aren't able to make any claims about property owned only by one of them under the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', they may be able to make a claim under certain common law principles. These are discussed in more detail in the first section of the [[Property_%26_Debt_in_Family_Law_Matters|Property & Debt]] chapter, under the heading "[[Property_%26_Debt_in_Family_Law_Matters#Property_claims_and_people_who_aren.27t_spouses|Property claims and people who aren't spouses]]".
<blockquote><tt>"child" includes a person who is 19 years of age or older and unable, because of illness, disability or another reason, to obtain the necessaries of life or withdraw from the charge of the person's parents or guardians</tt></blockquote>


===Orders not available to unmarried couples===
The most common "other reason" why an adult child cannot "obtain the necessaries of life or withdraw from the charge of his or her parents" is because the child is going to college or university.


A couple who have a child but did not live together, or who lived together for less than two years and did not have a child, cannot ask for orders under the ''[[Family Law Act]]'' about:
==Who is a "parent?"==


*child support for the benefit of stepchildren,
People who are "parents" under the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', including stepparents, are required to help their children by paying ''child support''. People who are parents may also ask for orders about ''parental responsibilities'' and ''parenting time''. People who aren't parents are usually limited to asking for orders giving them ''contact'' with a child.
*spousal support, or
*the division of family property and family debt.  


Only people who qualify as married or unmarried spouses may ask for orders on these subjects.
Part 3 of the provincial ''Family Law Act'' provides a comprehensive scheme for determining the parentage of children that applies for all legal purposes in British Columbia, including for family law disputes and wills and estates matters, except when parentage is determined under the ''[http://canlii.ca/t/84g5 Adoption Act]''. Section 23 says this:


====Spousal support====
<blockquote><tt>(1) For all purposes of the law of British Columbia,</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(a) a person is the child of the person's parents,</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(b) a child's parent is the person determined under this Part to be the child's parent, and</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(c) the relationship of parent and child and kindred relationships flowing from that relationship must be as determined under this Part.</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(2) For the purposes of an instrument or enactment that refers to a person, described in terms of the person's relationship to another person by birth, blood or marriage, the reference must be read as a reference to, and read to include, a person who comes within the description because of the relationship of parent and child as determined under this Part.</tt></blockquote>


Section 3 of the ''Family Law Act'' defines a "spouse" for the purposes of claims for support as someone who has lived in a marriage-like relationship with someone else for at least two years or for less than two years if the couple has had a child together. As only spouses are eligible for spousal support, people who do not meet these criteria cannot apply for spousal support.
Section 26(1) says who a child's parents are presumed to be:


====Child support for stepchildren====
<blockquote><tt>On the birth of a child not born as a result of assisted reproduction, the child's parents are the birth mother and the child's biological father.</tt></blockquote>


Stepparents can be required to pay child support for the benefit of their stepchildren. However, s. 146 of the ''Family Law Act'' defines a ''stepparent'' as someone who is "a spouse of the child's parent."  As a result, someone in an unmarried relationship that doesn't qualify as a spousal relationship cannot be made to pay child support for the other person's children.
Sections 27, 28, 29 and 30 have other rules about who are the parents of children conceived by assisted reproduction. Under these rules people can agree that a child's parents are or aren't the birth mother and the child's biological father, and that other people will or won't be parents, including someone who donates sperm or eggs and someone who is the spouse of a child's birth mother.


====Family property and family debt====
===Natural reproduction===


The ''Family Law Act'' defines a "spouse" for the purposes of claims about property and debt as someone who has lived in a marriage-like relationship with someone else for at least two years. Only spouses may ask for orders about the division of property and debt.
Under section 26(1) of the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', a child's parents are presumed to be the child's ''birth mother'' and ''biological father''. It's normally pretty easy to tell who the birth mother of a child is. It's not always so easy to tell if a man is the biological father of a child.  


===Agreements available to unmarried couples===
Only biological parents and people who are stepparents because they are the married or unmarried spouse of a parent are required to pay child support. When a man denies a responsibility to pay child support on the ground that he is not the child's father, the first thing the court will do is see whether he should be presumed to be the father because of the nature of his relationship with the child's mother.


A family law agreement is a contract between two or more people that is enforceable by the courts, just like any other kind of contract. People can make any kind of contract they want, as long as the contract isn't made for an illegal purpose and doesn't require a person to do something illegal. There's no reason, for example, why two people couldn't make a contract requiring one of them to wear purple shirts on Thursdays in exchange for a box of ants. Although it's hard to imagine why anyone would want such a contract, it's still possible and it would be enforceable in court provided that the agreement was properly written out and signed.
====The presumptions of paternity====


This section has just gone through the sorts of orders unmarried couples can ask for under the ''Family Law Act''. Essentially, we're talking about orders about the care of children and the payment of child support. If an unmarried couple was going to have an agreement, it would probably talk about these two issues. However, like the contract about shirts and ants, there's no reason why an unmarried couple couldn't make an agreement that also talked about the payment of spousal support and the division of family property and family debt. Although they're under no legal obligation to make a contract about these things, they can if they want.
Under section 26(2) of the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', a man is presumed to be the biological father of a child in one of the following circumstances:


===Government benefits===
<blockquote><tt>(a) he was married to the child's birth mother on the day of the child's birth;</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(b) he was married to the child's birth mother and, within 300 days before the child's birth, the marriage was ended</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(i) by his death,</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(ii) by a judgment of divorce, or</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><blockquote><tt>(iii) as referred to in section 21;</tt></blockquote></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(c) he married the child's birth mother after the child's birth and acknowledges that he is the father;</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(d) he was living with the child's birth mother in a marriage-like relationship within 300 days before, or on the day of, the child's birth;</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(e) he, along with the child's birth mother, has acknowledged that he is the child's father by having signed a statement under section 3 of the Vital Statistics Act;</tt></blockquote>
<blockquote><tt>(f) he has acknowledged that he is the child's father by having signed an agreement under section 20 of the Child Paternity and Support Act, R.S.B.C. 1979, c. 49.</tt></blockquote>


The most important thing to know about government benefits is that most federal legislation defines a ''spouse'' as someone who has been in a cohabiting relationship for at least one year, as opposed to British Columbia's legislation which generally requires a two-year cohabiting relationship to qualify. As a result, someone in a relationship of at least one year may qualify for any federal benefits that depend on a spousal relationship although they probably won't qualify for provincial benefits. People in a relationship of less than one year will not usually qualify for any benefits at all.
Presumptions like these were once very important when there was no reliable way to scientifically verify that a particular man was the father of a child. These days, however, we do have the technology and a man who disputes paternity despite these presumptions can ask for an order that a paternity test be conducted.  


Benefits relating to children, like the [http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=406FD5D227AA4BAEB741A49AFBEDD485 BC Family Bonus], the [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/cctb/ Canada Child Tax Benefit], the [http://www.nationalchildbenefit.ca/eng/home.shtml National Child Benefit Supplement] and the [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/uccb/ Universal Child Care Benefit], are available to anyone who is a parent, regardless of the nature of that person's relationship with the other parent. The [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/menu-eng.html website of the Canada Revenue Agency] has a lot of information about federal and provincial benefits.
====Paternity tests====


The federal government offers an online [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/bnfts/clcltr/cctb_clcltr-eng.html Canada child benefits calculator] that estimates the amount of benefits available from federal and provincial sources based on information you provide.
Under section 33(2) of the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', the court may


==Rights and responsibilities of unmarried parents==
<blockquote><tt>order a person, including a child, to have a tissue sample or blood sample, or both, taken by a medical practitioner or other qualified person for the purpose of conducting parentage tests.</tt></blockquote>


Couples who are not married and have not lived together but have had a child together can ask for orders about the care of their child, and child support for their child under the provincial ''Family Law Act''.
Under section 33(1), a "parentage test" can be a human leukocyte antigen test, a DNA test, or "any other test the court considers appropriate." These are your choices:
 
*'''Human leukocyte antigen tests:''' Human leukocyte antigen tests are a kind of advanced blood test that looks at the genetic markers on white blood cells to determine the likelihood that the child's antigens were inherited from a particular man. Their accuracy is northward of 96% but can be spoofed if the purported father has had a recent transfusion.
*'''Deoxyribonucleic acid tests:''' DNA tests look for overlaps in the child's unique genetic code with the genetic code from the purported father and the child's mother. Today's DNA tests deal with the probability of fatherhood in terms approaching absolute certainty; if a DNA test shows a man is probably the father, the odds that the test is wrong are about 0.0001%. Testing is performed on biological samples, most commonly from mouth swabs, which are painless to obtain.
*'''Chorionic villi sampling:''' This is a prenatal procedure that can be performed during the 10th to 13th week of pregnancy. It consists of a DNA test on a sample of the baby's placenta. It is an unpleasant procedure that must be conducted either through the mother's cervix or her abdominal wall.
*'''Amniocentesis:''' This is a prenatal procedure that can be performed during the 14th to 24th week of pregnancy. It consists of a DNA test on a sample of amniotic fluid drawn through the mother's abdominal wall.
 
The DNA of a child is a combination of the DNA of the child's mother and father. DNA tests compare the child's DNA to that of the father and mother, and provide a calculation of the odds that the man is the child's father. Because of the accuracy of DNA testing, a positive result will prove extremely convincing to a court. Unless you have a doctorate in genetics or convincing proof that a sample was tampered with, I don't recommend that you challenge the results of a DNA test. Save your money.
 
A number of companies serving British Columbia, such as [http://www.genetrackcanada.com Genetrack Biolabs],  [https://www.thednalab.com The DNALAB], and [http://www.pro-adn.com Orchid PRO-DNA], will perform legally admissible paternity tests at a cost of around $480 to $500, plus taxes, for one child and an alleged father, with additional costs for more children or alleged fathers. For tests usable in a legal proceeding, the labs will require each person contributing samples to attend in person at an authorized sample collection location.
 
====Arranging for a paternity test====
 
If the birth mother and the person might be the father agree to have a paternity test conducted, no court order is necessary. You simply <span class="noglossary">contact</span> the appropriate company and arrange to have blood or saliva samples taken and tested. The DNA tests are done with a mouth swab, generally, and legal paternity tests can be done with just samples from the child and the potential father. The results will be delivered to you directly. Some companies even offer home sampling kits that provide legally admissible test results, provided that the test is properly witnessed by someone else. Generally, however, legal paternity tests are conducted in an authorized collection centre where the identities of the sample providers and the integrity of the samples can be confirmed.
 
Where the parties don't agree to a test, one of them, usually the potential father, must apply to court for an order that samples be taken from the parties and the child and that a paternity test be conducted under section 33(2) of the ''Family Law Act''. Under section 33(3), the court can also make an order about who must pay for the cost of the test.
 
===Assisted reproduction===
 
When one or two people need the help of others to have a child, some additional rules apply and some additional people can be a "parent" of a child. Under the rules described in sections 27 to 30 of the ''[[Family Law Act]]'',
 
*one or two people who want to have the child, the ''intended parents'', can be the parents of the child,
*the donor of sperm or an egg is not usually a parent of the child,
*a surrogate mother is usually a parent of the child, and
*the spouse of a surrogate mother is usually a parent of the child.
 
However, a written agreement made before the child is conceived can say that a donor of sperm or eggs ''is'' a parent, that a surrogate mother ''is not'' a parent, and that the spouse of a surrogate mother ''is not'' a parent. In theory, at least, a child born of assisted reproduction can have as many as six people who are their parents.
 
What's especially important about these rules is that a person who is a parent as a result of an assisted reproduction agreement is a parent for ''all'' purposes of the law in British Columbia, including family law and the law about wills and estates.
 
===Adoption===
 
People who adopt a child become the parents of that child when the court makes an adoption order under the provincial ''[http://canlii.ca/t/84g5 Adoption Act]''. At the same time, the birth mother and biological father of the child cease to have any parental rights or obligations with respect to the child. Unless the birth mother or biological father are jointly adopting the child with someone else, they become legal strangers to the child. They lose not only their obligation to pay child support, but also their right to ask the court for parental responsibilities or parenting time with the child.
 
Unlike the parts of the ''[[Family Law Act]]'' that talk about assisted reproduction, section 5(1) of the ''Adoption Act'' limits the number of people who can adopt a child to a maximum of two.
 
==The rights and responsibilities of parents==
 
Parents who aren't married and haven't lived together can make agreements or ask for orders about parenting their child and paying child support. The provincial ''[[Family Law Act]]'' is the law that the court will apply when making orders about guardianship, parenting and child support.


===Child support===
===Child support===


Child support is payable by anyone who is the parent of a child, regardless of the brevity of the relationship that produced the child. The ''Family Law Act'' says, at s. 147, that "each parent" has a duty to provide support for his or her child.
Child support is payable by anyone who is the parent of a child, regardless of the nature &mdash; or brevity &mdash; of the relationship that produced the child. The ''Family Law Act'' says, at section 147, that "each parent" has a duty to provide support for their child. Under section 150(1) of the act, child support is to be paid in the amount determined under the [[Child Support Guidelines]].  


Under s. 150(1) of the act, child support is to be paid in the amount determined under the [[Child Support Guidelines]]. As a result, all of the provisions of the Guidelines apply to unmarried parents, including:
Nothing in the ''Family Law Act'' or the Child Support Guidelines allows a parent to escape paying support through some quirk in the circumstances under which the child was conceived, including whether the pregnancy was planned or not, whether it came about as result of a sexual assault, or whether it came about as a result of some deception on the part of the birth mother. The only question that might be left open is whether or not the person being asked to pay child support is the "parent" of the child for whom support is sought. If that's an issue, a paternity test can always be taken under section 33 of the act.


#the tables that are used to calculate the amount of child support payable,
You can find additional information about child support and the Child Support Guidelines in the [[Child Support]] chapter of this resource.  
#the exceptions that allow child support to be paid in an amount different than the usual table amount, and
#the rules about the payment of children's special expenses.


Nothing in the ''Family Law Act'' or the [[Child Support Guidelines]] allows a parent to escape paying support through some quirk in the circumstances under which the child was conceived or whether the pregnancy was planned or not. The only question that may be left open is whether or not the person being asked to pay child support is the parent of the child for whose benefit support is sought. If that's an issue, a paternity test can always be taken.
===Parenting children===


You can find additional information about child support and the Guidelines in the chapter  [[Child Support]]. You can find additional information about paternity and paternity testing in the chapter [[Other Family Law Issues]] within the section [[Parentage and Assisted Reproduction]].
Under section 40(1) of the ''[[Family Law Act]]'', only people who are the "guardians" of a child have ''parental responsibilities'' and ''parenting time'' with that child. People who are not the guardians of a child may have ''contact'' with the child, but they do not have the right to participate in making decisions about the raising of the child or the right to get information from the important people involved in the child's life, such as doctors, teachers, counsellors, and coaches.


===The care of children===
Under section 39, the people who are presumed to be the ''guardians'' of a child are:


Under s. 40(1) of the ''Family Law Act'', only people who are the guardians of a child have ''parental responsibilities'' and ''parenting time'' in relation to that child. People who are not the guardians of a child may have ''contact'' with the child and do not have the right to participate in making decisions about the raising of the child or the right to get information from the important people involved in the child's life, such as doctors, teachers, coaches and so on.
*the child's parents, as long as they lived together,
*a person who is a parent of a child under an assisted reproduction agreement, and
*a parent who "regularly cares" for the child.


Under s. 39, the people who are presumed to be the guardians of a child are:
In other words, if a couple has had a child but never lived together, the parent who does not live with the child is not presumed to be a guardian of the child unless they ''regularly care'' for the child. (The curious thing about the way section 39 is written, is that ''neither'' parent is presumed to be a guardian if the parents didn't live together! This is not what the BC government meant in drafting that part of the ''Family Law Act'', of course, and so far I'm not aware of any court decisions that have addressed the problem.)


#the child's parents, as long as they lived together,
A parent who isn't a guardian can become a guardian if the child's other guardians agree that the parent should be a guardian. If the parents can't agree on this, then the parent who isn't a guardian has three choices. They can:
#a person who is a parent of a child under an assisted reproduction agreement, and
#a parent who "regularly cares" for the child.


In other words, if a couple has had a child but never lived together, the parent who does not live with the child is not presumed to be a guardian of the child unless he or she "regularly cares" for the child.  
#settle for having contact with the child and not being able to participate in parenting the child,
#try to prove that they ''regularly care'' for the child, in  <span class="noglossary">order</span> to be recognized by the court as a guardian of the child who is entitled to participate in parenting the child, or
#apply to be appointed as the guardian of a child under section 51 of the ''Family Law Act''.


A parent who isn't a guardian can become a guardian if the child's other guardians, who may be just the other parent, agree that the parent should be a guardian. If the parents can't agree on this, then the parent who doesn't live with the child has three choices. He or she:
Applications for appointment as a guardian can be a bit difficult, as the applicant &mdash; the person who is making the application &mdash; must provide a special kind of affidavit that talks about all of the children who are and have been in their care, any civil or criminal court proceedings involving them that might impact on the safety of a child, and any involvement they might have had with the Ministry for Children and Family Development. The applicant must also provide recent Ministry and police records checks.  


#must settle for having contact with the child and not being able to participate in parenting the child,  
Applications for appointment as a guardian are discussed in more detail in the [[Guardianship,_Parenting_Arrangements_and_Contact|Guardianship, Parenting Arrangements and Contact]] section of the [[Children and Parenting after Separation]] chapter, under the heading "[[Guardianship,_Parenting_Arrangements_and_Contact#Being_a_guardian_and_becoming_a_guardian|Being a guardian and becoming a guardian]]."
#must prove that he or she "regularly cares" for the child, in 
<span class="noglossary">order</span> to be recognized as a guardian of the child who is entitled to participate in parenting the child, or
#must apply to be appointed as the guardian of a child under s. 51 of the ''Family Law Act''.


Applications for appointment as guardian are difficult as the person who is making the application must provide a special kind of affidavit that talks about the children who are and have been in the person's care, any civil or criminal court proceedings that might impact on the safety of a child, and any history of involvement with the Ministry for Children and Family Development (MCFD). The person must also provide recent MCFD and police records checks.
==Government benefits==


<!---HIDDEN
The most important thing to know about government benefits is that most federal legislation defines a ''spouse'' as someone who has been in a cohabiting relationship for at least one year, as opposed to British Columbia's legislation which generally requires a two-year cohabiting relationship to qualify. As a result, someone in a relationship of at least one year may qualify for any federal benefits that depend on a spousal relationship, although they probably won't qualify for provincial benefits. People in a relationship of less than one year won't usually qualify for any spousal benefits at all.
==Further Reading in this Chapter==


* <span style="color: red;">bulleted list of other pages in this chapter, linked</span>
Benefits and tax credits relating to children are available to anyone who is a parent, regardless of the nature of that person's relationship with the other parent. The websites of the [https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/child-family-benefits.html Canada Revenue Agency] and the [https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/family-social-supports/family-benefits government of British Columbia] have a lot of information about federal and provincial benefits.
END HIDDEN--->
 
The federal government has a helpful online [https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/child-family-benefits/child-family-benefits-calculator.html child benefits calculator] that estimates the amount of benefits available from the different federal and provincial programs.


==Resources and links==
==Resources and links==
Line 114: Line 167:
===Legislation===
===Legislation===


* ''[[Family Law Act]]''
* ''[https://canlii.ca/t/8q3k Family Law Act]''
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/843w Income Tax Act]'' (provincial)
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7w0s Universal Child Care Benefit Act]''
* ''[http://canlii.ca/t/7wmq Income Tax Act]'' (federal)
* ''[https://canlii.ca/t/54wtd Adoption Act]''


===Links===
===Links===


* [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/bnfts/clcltr/cctb_clcltr-eng.html Canada child benefits calculator]
*[https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/child-family-benefits/child-family-benefits-calculator.html Canada child benefits calculator]
* [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/bnfts/ Canada Revenue Agency Website: Child and family benefits]
*[http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/bnfts/ Overview of child and family benefits] from the Canada Revenue Agency
* [http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=406FD5D227AA4BAEB741A49AFBEDD485 BC Family Bonus]
*[https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/family-social-supports/family-benefits Family Benefits] from the Government of British Columbia
* [http://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/1058 Legal Services Society's ‘’Living Together or Living Apart’’, Chapter 1, Types of Relationships]
*[http://clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/2376 Introduction to Family Law] from Dial-a-Law by the People's Law School
* [http://clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/2376 Canadian Bar Association BC Branch: Introduction to family law]
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4078 Single Parent Employment Initiative] from the BC Ministry of Social Development & Poverty Reduction
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4132 My Support Calculator]
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/2315 Extended Family Program] from the BC Ministry of Children and Family Development
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/2951 Extended Family Program] from Legal Aid BC
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/1244 Children Born Outside Marriage] from Dial-a-Law by the People's Law School
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/1618 Child and Spousal Support] from Legal Aid BC
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/1482 Appointing a Guardian] from the British Columbia Law Institute
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4655 Parenting and Guardianship] from Legal Aid BC
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4498 Family Cases] from the Provincial Court of British Columbia
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4788 Review of Parentage under Part 3 of the Family Law Act Project] from the British Columbia Law Institute (BCLI)


{{REVIEWED | reviewer = [[JP Boyd]], March 24, 2013}}
===Resources===
* [http://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/1058 "Living Together or Living Apart"] from Legal Aid BC
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4231 "Options for Parents and Families: Collaborative Planning and Decision-Making in Child Welfare"] from the BC Ministry of Children and Family Development
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4402 "Successfully Parenting Apart"] from The Canadian Bar Association
*[https://www.clicklaw.bc.ca/resource/4795 "Parents Legal Centre Brochure"] from Legal Aid BC
 
 
{{REVIEWED | reviewer = [[JP Boyd]], April 8, 2023}}


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[[Category:JP Boyd on Family Law]]

Latest revision as of 22:31, 11 January 2024

Your relationship may have been brief, but if you have had a child with someone, you are both responsible for meeting the child's financial needs and you may both be entitled to participate in raising the child. Although the duty to pay child support comes from the simple fact of being a parent, whether you wanted to be a parent or not, being a parent doesn't come with the right to be involved in parenting a child. It is the child's right to benefit from the payment of child support and the child's right to be parented properly, to be provided with food, shelter, healthcare and clothing, and to be nurtured toward adulthood in the best way possible.

Children have these rights whether their parents are married, living together in a marriage-like relationship or have no relationship with each other at all. This section is for unmarried parents who have had a child but never lived together, and, as result, don't qualify as "spouses" under the Family Law Act. It talks about the legal issues unmarried parents may have to deal with and those they don't, and discusses the two most common issues parents have to deal with, child support and parenting children.

Introduction

The provincial Family Law Act applies to anyone who is the parent of a child, regardless of the nature of their relationship with the other parent or parents of their child, and regardless of whether they are the parent of the child as a result of natural reproduction, adoption or assisted reproduction.

The act talks about how to identify who the parents of a child are when the child is born by natural reproduction or assisted reproduction. When a child is adopted, the Family Law Act says that the child's parents are determined by the provincial Adoption Act.

The Family Law Act also talks about how parents can:

  • ask for declarations and orders about who the guardians of a child are,
  • make agreements or ask for orders about parental responsibilities and parenting time with a child, if the parent is also a guardian of the child,
  • make agreements or ask for orders about contact with a child, if the parent is not a guardian of the child,
  • make agreements or ask for orders about the payment of child support, and
  • ask for orders for the protection of people.

Parents who don't qualify as "spouses" under section 3 of the Family Law Act — see the first section in this chapter for more information about who qualifies as a spouse under the act — cannot use the act to ask for orders about:

  • the payment of spousal support,
  • the division of property and debt, or
  • orders for the protection of property.

The federal Divorce Act only applies to people who are or were married to each other; it doesn't apply to people in unmarried relationships, including parents who aren't married to each other.

Who is a "child?"

For the parts of the Family Law Act that talk about guardianship and parenting, a "child" is a person under the age of 19, the age of majority in British Columbia. For the parts of the act that talk about child support, the definition is a bit broader. Section 146 says this:

"child" includes a person who is 19 years of age or older and unable, because of illness, disability or another reason, to obtain the necessaries of life or withdraw from the charge of the person's parents or guardians

The most common "other reason" why an adult child cannot "obtain the necessaries of life or withdraw from the charge of his or her parents" is because the child is going to college or university.

Who is a "parent?"

People who are "parents" under the Family Law Act, including stepparents, are required to help their children by paying child support. People who are parents may also ask for orders about parental responsibilities and parenting time. People who aren't parents are usually limited to asking for orders giving them contact with a child.

Part 3 of the provincial Family Law Act provides a comprehensive scheme for determining the parentage of children that applies for all legal purposes in British Columbia, including for family law disputes and wills and estates matters, except when parentage is determined under the Adoption Act. Section 23 says this:

(1) For all purposes of the law of British Columbia,

(a) a person is the child of the person's parents,

(b) a child's parent is the person determined under this Part to be the child's parent, and

(c) the relationship of parent and child and kindred relationships flowing from that relationship must be as determined under this Part.

(2) For the purposes of an instrument or enactment that refers to a person, described in terms of the person's relationship to another person by birth, blood or marriage, the reference must be read as a reference to, and read to include, a person who comes within the description because of the relationship of parent and child as determined under this Part.

Section 26(1) says who a child's parents are presumed to be:

On the birth of a child not born as a result of assisted reproduction, the child's parents are the birth mother and the child's biological father.

Sections 27, 28, 29 and 30 have other rules about who are the parents of children conceived by assisted reproduction. Under these rules people can agree that a child's parents are or aren't the birth mother and the child's biological father, and that other people will or won't be parents, including someone who donates sperm or eggs and someone who is the spouse of a child's birth mother.

Natural reproduction

Under section 26(1) of the Family Law Act, a child's parents are presumed to be the child's birth mother and biological father. It's normally pretty easy to tell who the birth mother of a child is. It's not always so easy to tell if a man is the biological father of a child.

Only biological parents and people who are stepparents because they are the married or unmarried spouse of a parent are required to pay child support. When a man denies a responsibility to pay child support on the ground that he is not the child's father, the first thing the court will do is see whether he should be presumed to be the father because of the nature of his relationship with the child's mother.

The presumptions of paternity

Under section 26(2) of the Family Law Act, a man is presumed to be the biological father of a child in one of the following circumstances:

(a) he was married to the child's birth mother on the day of the child's birth;

(b) he was married to the child's birth mother and, within 300 days before the child's birth, the marriage was ended

(i) by his death,

(ii) by a judgment of divorce, or

(iii) as referred to in section 21;

(c) he married the child's birth mother after the child's birth and acknowledges that he is the father;

(d) he was living with the child's birth mother in a marriage-like relationship within 300 days before, or on the day of, the child's birth;

(e) he, along with the child's birth mother, has acknowledged that he is the child's father by having signed a statement under section 3 of the Vital Statistics Act;

(f) he has acknowledged that he is the child's father by having signed an agreement under section 20 of the Child Paternity and Support Act, R.S.B.C. 1979, c. 49.

Presumptions like these were once very important when there was no reliable way to scientifically verify that a particular man was the father of a child. These days, however, we do have the technology and a man who disputes paternity despite these presumptions can ask for an order that a paternity test be conducted.

Paternity tests

Under section 33(2) of the Family Law Act, the court may

order a person, including a child, to have a tissue sample or blood sample, or both, taken by a medical practitioner or other qualified person for the purpose of conducting parentage tests.

Under section 33(1), a "parentage test" can be a human leukocyte antigen test, a DNA test, or "any other test the court considers appropriate." These are your choices:

  • Human leukocyte antigen tests: Human leukocyte antigen tests are a kind of advanced blood test that looks at the genetic markers on white blood cells to determine the likelihood that the child's antigens were inherited from a particular man. Their accuracy is northward of 96% but can be spoofed if the purported father has had a recent transfusion.
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid tests: DNA tests look for overlaps in the child's unique genetic code with the genetic code from the purported father and the child's mother. Today's DNA tests deal with the probability of fatherhood in terms approaching absolute certainty; if a DNA test shows a man is probably the father, the odds that the test is wrong are about 0.0001%. Testing is performed on biological samples, most commonly from mouth swabs, which are painless to obtain.
  • Chorionic villi sampling: This is a prenatal procedure that can be performed during the 10th to 13th week of pregnancy. It consists of a DNA test on a sample of the baby's placenta. It is an unpleasant procedure that must be conducted either through the mother's cervix or her abdominal wall.
  • Amniocentesis: This is a prenatal procedure that can be performed during the 14th to 24th week of pregnancy. It consists of a DNA test on a sample of amniotic fluid drawn through the mother's abdominal wall.

The DNA of a child is a combination of the DNA of the child's mother and father. DNA tests compare the child's DNA to that of the father and mother, and provide a calculation of the odds that the man is the child's father. Because of the accuracy of DNA testing, a positive result will prove extremely convincing to a court. Unless you have a doctorate in genetics or convincing proof that a sample was tampered with, I don't recommend that you challenge the results of a DNA test. Save your money.

A number of companies serving British Columbia, such as Genetrack Biolabs, The DNALAB, and Orchid PRO-DNA, will perform legally admissible paternity tests at a cost of around $480 to $500, plus taxes, for one child and an alleged father, with additional costs for more children or alleged fathers. For tests usable in a legal proceeding, the labs will require each person contributing samples to attend in person at an authorized sample collection location.

Arranging for a paternity test

If the birth mother and the person might be the father agree to have a paternity test conducted, no court order is necessary. You simply contact the appropriate company and arrange to have blood or saliva samples taken and tested. The DNA tests are done with a mouth swab, generally, and legal paternity tests can be done with just samples from the child and the potential father. The results will be delivered to you directly. Some companies even offer home sampling kits that provide legally admissible test results, provided that the test is properly witnessed by someone else. Generally, however, legal paternity tests are conducted in an authorized collection centre where the identities of the sample providers and the integrity of the samples can be confirmed.

Where the parties don't agree to a test, one of them, usually the potential father, must apply to court for an order that samples be taken from the parties and the child and that a paternity test be conducted under section 33(2) of the Family Law Act. Under section 33(3), the court can also make an order about who must pay for the cost of the test.

Assisted reproduction

When one or two people need the help of others to have a child, some additional rules apply and some additional people can be a "parent" of a child. Under the rules described in sections 27 to 30 of the Family Law Act,

  • one or two people who want to have the child, the intended parents, can be the parents of the child,
  • the donor of sperm or an egg is not usually a parent of the child,
  • a surrogate mother is usually a parent of the child, and
  • the spouse of a surrogate mother is usually a parent of the child.

However, a written agreement made before the child is conceived can say that a donor of sperm or eggs is a parent, that a surrogate mother is not a parent, and that the spouse of a surrogate mother is not a parent. In theory, at least, a child born of assisted reproduction can have as many as six people who are their parents.

What's especially important about these rules is that a person who is a parent as a result of an assisted reproduction agreement is a parent for all purposes of the law in British Columbia, including family law and the law about wills and estates.

Adoption

People who adopt a child become the parents of that child when the court makes an adoption order under the provincial Adoption Act. At the same time, the birth mother and biological father of the child cease to have any parental rights or obligations with respect to the child. Unless the birth mother or biological father are jointly adopting the child with someone else, they become legal strangers to the child. They lose not only their obligation to pay child support, but also their right to ask the court for parental responsibilities or parenting time with the child.

Unlike the parts of the Family Law Act that talk about assisted reproduction, section 5(1) of the Adoption Act limits the number of people who can adopt a child to a maximum of two.

The rights and responsibilities of parents

Parents who aren't married and haven't lived together can make agreements or ask for orders about parenting their child and paying child support. The provincial Family Law Act is the law that the court will apply when making orders about guardianship, parenting and child support.

Child support

Child support is payable by anyone who is the parent of a child, regardless of the nature — or brevity — of the relationship that produced the child. The Family Law Act says, at section 147, that "each parent" has a duty to provide support for their child. Under section 150(1) of the act, child support is to be paid in the amount determined under the Child Support Guidelines.

Nothing in the Family Law Act or the Child Support Guidelines allows a parent to escape paying support through some quirk in the circumstances under which the child was conceived, including whether the pregnancy was planned or not, whether it came about as result of a sexual assault, or whether it came about as a result of some deception on the part of the birth mother. The only question that might be left open is whether or not the person being asked to pay child support is the "parent" of the child for whom support is sought. If that's an issue, a paternity test can always be taken under section 33 of the act.

You can find additional information about child support and the Child Support Guidelines in the Child Support chapter of this resource.

Parenting children

Under section 40(1) of the Family Law Act, only people who are the "guardians" of a child have parental responsibilities and parenting time with that child. People who are not the guardians of a child may have contact with the child, but they do not have the right to participate in making decisions about the raising of the child or the right to get information from the important people involved in the child's life, such as doctors, teachers, counsellors, and coaches.

Under section 39, the people who are presumed to be the guardians of a child are:

  • the child's parents, as long as they lived together,
  • a person who is a parent of a child under an assisted reproduction agreement, and
  • a parent who "regularly cares" for the child.

In other words, if a couple has had a child but never lived together, the parent who does not live with the child is not presumed to be a guardian of the child unless they regularly care for the child. (The curious thing about the way section 39 is written, is that neither parent is presumed to be a guardian if the parents didn't live together! This is not what the BC government meant in drafting that part of the Family Law Act, of course, and so far I'm not aware of any court decisions that have addressed the problem.)

A parent who isn't a guardian can become a guardian if the child's other guardians agree that the parent should be a guardian. If the parents can't agree on this, then the parent who isn't a guardian has three choices. They can:

  1. settle for having contact with the child and not being able to participate in parenting the child,
  2. try to prove that they regularly care for the child, in order to be recognized by the court as a guardian of the child who is entitled to participate in parenting the child, or
  3. apply to be appointed as the guardian of a child under section 51 of the Family Law Act.

Applications for appointment as a guardian can be a bit difficult, as the applicant — the person who is making the application — must provide a special kind of affidavit that talks about all of the children who are and have been in their care, any civil or criminal court proceedings involving them that might impact on the safety of a child, and any involvement they might have had with the Ministry for Children and Family Development. The applicant must also provide recent Ministry and police records checks.

Applications for appointment as a guardian are discussed in more detail in the Guardianship, Parenting Arrangements and Contact section of the Children and Parenting after Separation chapter, under the heading "Being a guardian and becoming a guardian."

Government benefits

The most important thing to know about government benefits is that most federal legislation defines a spouse as someone who has been in a cohabiting relationship for at least one year, as opposed to British Columbia's legislation which generally requires a two-year cohabiting relationship to qualify. As a result, someone in a relationship of at least one year may qualify for any federal benefits that depend on a spousal relationship, although they probably won't qualify for provincial benefits. People in a relationship of less than one year won't usually qualify for any spousal benefits at all.

Benefits and tax credits relating to children are available to anyone who is a parent, regardless of the nature of that person's relationship with the other parent. The websites of the Canada Revenue Agency and the government of British Columbia have a lot of information about federal and provincial benefits.

The federal government has a helpful online child benefits calculator that estimates the amount of benefits available from the different federal and provincial programs.

Resources and links

Legislation

Links

Resources


This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by JP Boyd, April 8, 2023.


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