Revocation of a Will (16:VI): Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 17:15, 22 August 2024

This information applies to British Columbia, Canada. Last reviewed for legal accuracy by the Law Students' Legal Advice Program on August 22, 2024.

Revocation of wills is governed by sections 55 and 55.1 of WESA. These sections outline the only ways in which a will may be revoked. Section 56(2) of WESA states that if a will-maker

gifts,
appoints as an executor, or
confers power to someone who ceases to be their spouse under section 2(2) before the will-maker’s death,

only that specific gift, appointment, or conferment is revoked, not the entire will. The gift to the ex-spouse must be distributed as if they died before the will-maker. The application of section 56 of WESA is subject to any contrary intention in the will. Please note that the operation of section 56(2) is not affected by a subsequent reconciliation of the will-maker and the spouse.

A. By Subsequent Writing

A subsequent instrument in writing that

is not a subsequent will but
is in compliance with the provisions of WESA (e.g., signed by two witnesses, etc.)

may have the effect of revoking the will (WESA, s 55(1)(b)).

Where a will is revoked in this way, a wills notice should be filed with the Department of Vital Statistics to record the revocation of the will (see Section III.G: Filing a Wills Notice).

B. By Destruction or Loss

A will may be revoked by destruction, per section 55(1)(c) of WESA. There must be some physical act of destruction: “burning, tearing, or destruction of it in some other manner by the will-maker.” Though copies need not be destroyed, it would be safer to do so to ensure revocation. If a will is in the will-maker’s custody and is found destroyed, or if a lost will was last known to be in the will-maker’s custody, it will be presumed that the will-maker destroyed it. There is a presumption that a lost will has been destroyed and revoked, therefore, care must be taken in storing the will.

To prevent subsequent litigation, if a will is accidentally lost or destroyed, the will-maker should make a new one even though a copy of the lost or destroyed one survives. The will-maker should maintain clear custody of their will in a safe place known by the personal representative to guard against accidental loss or destruction.

Furthermore, for a will-maker to revoke a will by destruction, the will-maker must have the intention of revoking the will. Though there is a presumption that a will-maker who destroys a will does so with the intention of revoking it, this does not apply where they lack capacity to form the requisite intention.

Also, there is the question of whether the intention to revoke the will was absolute or conditional. If it was absolute, revocation is complete. However, if the intent depended on the condition of reviving an old will or writing a new one and the condition or contingency has not been satisfied, the revocation is ineffective. This is known as the doctrine of dependent relative revocation: see Jung, Re Estate of Horace Lee, 2005 BCSC 1537.

NOTE ON ELECTRONIC WILLS: Section 55.1 outlines how to revoke an electronic will. To revoke an electronic will, the will-maker or a person in the presence of the will-maker and by the will-maker’s direction:

can delete one or more electronic versions of the will or of part of the will with the intention of revoking it, or
may burn, tear or destroy all or part of a paper copy of the will in some manner, in the presence of a witness, with the intention of revoking all or part of the will.

An inadvertent deletion of one or more electronic versions of a will is not evidence of an intention to revoke the will, so what is important is the intention of the will-maker; see Section III.D.2: Electronic Wills, for more information.

C. By Subsequent Will

A will may be revoked by another will made in accordance with section 55(1)(a) of WESA. Nevertheless, it is common practice to clearly provide for such by the inclusion of a revocation clause at the beginning of a will.

Notwithstanding an express revocation clause, a second will does not necessarily absolutely revoke a former will. There may be partial revocation only; where the second will does not completely dispose of the estate, both documents may be admitted to probate. The will-maker should, therefore, ensure that the second will disposes of the entire estate, which may be accomplished through the use of an effective residuary clause.

D. Effect of Marriage on Will Revocation

Under WESA, a subsequent marriage will no longer revoke a prior will.

E. Effect of Divorce, Separation, and Change in Circumstances on Will Revocation

Neither marriage nor divorce of the will-maker will revoke a will. However, a change in circumstances may lead to an individual no longer being considered a spouse. This will bar the former spouse from a claim to vary a will.

Additionally, if a will-maker wishes to

leave anything in a will to a former spouse,
appoint a former spouse as executor, or
confer any powers of appointment on a former spouse,

the will-maker should explicitly state that this is being done contrary to section 56(2) of WESA.

F. Effect of Family Law Act

According to Howland Estate v. Sikora, 2015 BCSC 2248: “The death of the claimant, prior to the coming into force of the [Family Law Act], does not override the respondent's right to commence an action against the claimant's estate so long as it occurs within the two year period contemplated in s. 198 [of the Family Law Act], as happened here.” In summary, this means that the Family Law Act claims can continue even past death as long as the claimant brings a suit within two years.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{REVIEWED LSLAP | date= August 22, 2024}}
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+Revocation of wills is governed by sections 55 and 55.1 of ''WESA''. These sections outline the only ways in which a will may be revoked. Section 56(2) of ''WESA'' states that if a will-maker
+* gifts,
+* appoints as an executor, or
+* confers power to someone who ceases to be their spouse under section 2(2) before the will-maker’s death,
+only that specific gift, appointment, or conferment is revoked, not the entire will. The gift to the ex-spouse must be distributed as if they died before the will-maker. The application of section 56 of ''WESA'' is subject to any contrary intention in the will. Please note that the operation of section 56(2) is not affected by a subsequent reconciliation of the will-maker and the spouse.
 == A. By Subsequent Writing ==
-A subsequent instrument in writing that is not a subsequent will but is in compliance with the provisions of ''WESA'' (e.g. signed by two witnesses, etc.) may have the effect of revoking the will (''WESA'', s 55(1)(b)).
+A subsequent instrument in writing that
+* is '''not''' a subsequent will but
+* is in compliance with the provisions of ''WESA'' (e.g., signed by two witnesses, etc.)
+may have the effect of revoking the will (''WESA'', s 55(1)(b)).
+Where a will is revoked in this way, a wills notice should be filed with the Department of Vital Statistics to record the revocation of the will (see [[Making_and_Executing_a_Will_(16:III)|Section III.G: Filing a Wills Notice]]).
-Where a will is revoked in this way, a wills notice should be filed with the Department of Vital Statistics to record the revocation of the will (see Section V: Filing a Wills Notice).
 == B. By Destruction or Loss ==
-A will may be revoked by destruction, per section 55(1)(c) of ''WESA''. There must be some physical act of destruction: “burning, tearing, or destruction of it in some other manner by the will-maker.” Though copies need not be destroyed, it would be safer to do so to ensure revocation. If a will is in the will-maker’s custody and is found destroyed, or if a lost will was last known to be in the will-maker’s custody, it will be presumed that the will-maker destroyed it. This emphasizes that it is very important for a will -maker to keep safe custody of a will. If it is accidentally or otherwise lost or destroyed it may be taken to have been destroyed by the will-maker, and thereby revoked, even though this may not have been the will-maker’s wish.
+A will may be revoked by destruction, per section 55(1)(c) of ''WESA''. There must be some physical act of destruction: “burning, tearing, or destruction of it in some other manner '''by the will-maker'''.” Though copies need not be destroyed, it would be safer to do so to ensure revocation. If a will is in the will-maker’s custody and is found destroyed, or if a lost will was last known to be in the will-maker’s custody, it will be presumed that the will-maker destroyed it. '''There is a presumption that a lost will has been destroyed and revoked, therefore, care must be taken in storing the will.'''
+To prevent subsequent litigation, if a will is accidentally lost or destroyed, the will-maker should make a new one even though a copy of the lost or destroyed one survives. The will-maker should maintain clear custody of their will in a safe place known by the personal representative to guard against accidental loss or destruction.
-Furthermore, for a will-maker to revoke a will by destruction, the will-maker must have the intention of revoking the will. Though there is a presumption that a will-maker who destroys a will does so with the intention of revoking it, this does not apply where he or she lacks capacity to form the requisite intention.
+Furthermore, for a will-maker to revoke a will by destruction, the will-maker must have the intention of revoking the will. Though there is a presumption that a will-maker who destroys a will does so with the intention of revoking it, this does '''not''' apply where they lack capacity to form the requisite intention.
-Revocation does not apply where there is accidental loss or destruction. To prevent subsequent litigation, if a will is accidentally lost or destroyed, the will-maker should make a new one even though a copy of the lost or destroyed one survives. The will-maker should maintain clear custody of his or her will in a safe place known by the personal representative to guard against accidental loss or destruction. There is a presumption that a lost will has been destroyed and revoked, therefore, care must be taken in storing the will.
+Also, there is the question of whether the intention to revoke the will was absolute or conditional. If it was absolute, revocation is complete. However, if the intent depended on the condition of reviving an old will or writing a new one and the condition or contingency has not been satisfied, the revocation is ineffective. This is known as the doctrine of dependent relative revocation: see [https://canlii.ca/t/1lwwd ''Jung, Re Estate of Horace Lee''], 2005 BCSC 1537.
+'''NOTE ON ELECTRONIC WILLS:''' Section 55.1 outlines how to revoke an electronic will. To revoke an electronic will, the will-maker or a person in the presence of the will-maker and by the will-maker’s direction:
+* can delete one or more electronic versions of the will or of part of the will with the intention of revoking it, or
+* may burn, tear or destroy all or part of a paper copy of the will in some manner, in the presence of a witness, with the intention of revoking all or part of the will.
+An inadvertent deletion of one or more electronic versions of a will is not evidence of an intention to revoke the will, so what is important is the intention of the will-maker; see [[Making_and_Executing_a_Will_(16:III)|Section III.D.2: Electronic Wills]], for more information.
-Also, there is the question of whether the intention to revoke the will was absolute or conditional. If it was absolute, revocation is complete. However, if the intent depended on the condition of reviving an old will or writing a new one and the condition or contingency has not been satisfied, the revocation is ineffective. This is known as the doctrine of dependent relative revocation: see Jung v Lee Estate, 2005 BCSC 1537.
 == C. By Subsequent Will ==
-A will may be revoked by another will made in accordance with WESA s 55(1)(a). Nevertheless, it is common practice to clearly provide for such by the inclusion of a revocation clause at the beginning of a will. Notwithstanding an express revocation clause, a second will does not necessarily absolutely revoke a former will. There may be partial revocation only, as where the second will does not completely dispose of the estate both documents may be admitted to probate. The will-maker should therefore ensure that the second will disposes of the entire estate, which may be accomplished through the use of an effective residuary clause.
+A will may be revoked by another will made in accordance with section 55(1)(a) of ''WESA''. Nevertheless, it is common practice to clearly provide for such by the inclusion of a revocation clause at the beginning of a will.
+'''Notwithstanding an express revocation clause, a second will does not necessarily absolutely revoke a former will.''' There may be partial revocation only; where the second will does not completely dispose of the estate, both documents may be admitted to probate. The will-maker should, therefore, ensure that the second will disposes of the entire estate, which may be accomplished through the use of an effective residuary clause.
 == D. Effect of Marriage on Will Revocation ==
-Under WESA, a subsequent marriage will no longer revoke a prior will.
+Under ''WESA'', a subsequent marriage will no longer revoke a prior will.
 == E. Effect of Divorce, Separation, and Change in Circumstances on Will Revocation ==
@@ Line 29: / Line 56: @@
 Neither marriage nor divorce of the will-maker will revoke a will. However, a change in circumstances may lead to an individual no longer being considered a spouse. This will bar the former spouse from a claim to vary a will.
-Additionally, if a will-maker wishes to leave anything in a will to a former spouse, wishes to appoint a former spouse as executor, or wishes to confer any powers of appointment on a former spouse, the will-maker should explicitly state that this is being done contrary to WESA s 56(2).
+Additionally, if a will-maker wishes to
+* leave anything in a will to a former spouse,
+* appoint a former spouse as executor, or
+* confer any powers of appointment on a former spouse,
+the will-maker should explicitly state that this is being done contrary to section 56(2) of ''WESA''.
 == F. Effect of Family Law Act ==
-According to Howland Estate v. Sikora, 2015 BCSC 2248: “The death of the claimant, prior to the coming into force of the (Family Law Act), does not override the respondent's right to commence an action against the claimant's estate so long as it occurs within the two year period contemplated in s. 198 (of the Family Law Act), as happened here.” In summary, this means that Family Law Act claims can continue even past death as long as the claimant brings suit within two years.
+According to [https://canlii.ca/t/gmc73 ''Howland Estate v. Sikora''], 2015 BCSC 2248: “The death of the claimant, prior to the coming into force of the [''Family Law Act''], does not override the respondent's right to commence an action against the claimant's estate so long as it occurs within the two year period contemplated in s. 198 [of the ''Family Law Act''], as happened here.” In summary, this means that the ''Family Law Act'' claims can continue even past death as long as the claimant brings a suit within two years.
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+{{LSLAP Manual Navbox|type=chapters15-23}}