Starting a Small Claim (20:V)
A. Settlement Letter
The fastest and least expensive way to resolve a dispute is to tell the other person what you are claiming from them and why you are claiming it. If the other person agrees with the amount or responds in a manner that leads to a settlement, both parties will save the time, effort, expense, and uncertainty of a lawsuit.
Bona fide attempts to settle may involve concessions and admissions of liability. For example, a claimant may offer to settle for less than the claim to account for the cost, time investment, and risk of going to trial. A defendant, for example, may admit liability but dispute the amount owed. Whenever parties can agree on certain points, the likelihood of settlement increases.
Because of the strong public interest in settlement, these bona fide settlement attempts are protected by settlement privilege. This means that, if the matter is not settled, any reductions in the claim or admissions made disappear and cannot be used against the party who made them38. It is prudent to include the words “WITHOUT PREJUDICE” in correspondence involving bona fide attempts to settle to indicate that the party sending the document wishes to rely on settlement privilege; settlement privilege will still apply, however, even if “WITHOUT PREJUDICE” is not included.
Settlement letters should be brief, factual, and clearly state the amount claimed even if that amount exceeds $25,000. Settlement letters should have a courteous tone as a letter that invokes a hostile reaction from the recipient will be counter-productive. A party writing a settlement letter should never threaten criminal or regulatory penalties; extortion is a criminal offence.
B. Identifying the Defendant(s)
When drafting a notice of claim and throughout the litigation process, it is important to stick to the relevant facts. Court is not a forum for airing grievances that do not give rise to a claim. For example, in a claim for breach of contract, the fact that the defendant acted rudely is generally not relevant to the claim. Including irrelevant facts confuses the issues, wastes time, raises tensions, and makes it more difficult to successfully prove the claim. A good rule to follow for each type of claim is to include only the facts necessary to satisfy the legal test for that type of claim; brief is better.
It is important to make your cause of action (e.g., negligence, breach of contract, etc.), type of damages, and amount of damages very clear. Do not let the judge guess what you want.
1. Suing a Business
a) Corporation
A corporation is a legal entity that is separate from its shareholders and employees. It is identified by a corporate designation such as Incorporated, Limited, Corporation, their abbreviations Inc., Ltd., or Corp., or their French equivalent following the business name.
A corporation may register a sole proprietorship or partnership and operate under that name. To sue such a company, a claimant should include both the corporate name and the name of the proprietorship or partnership: e.g., 0123456 BC Ltd. dba Joe’ s Bakery. The letters dba stand for “doing business as”. Variations such as “coba” meaning “carrying on business as” are also acceptable.
A corporation can enter into contracts and can sue or be sued. Generally speaking, a corporation’ s shareholders, officers, directors, and employees are not liable for the actions or liabilities of the corporation or their own actions while acting within the scope of their office or employment. A person who feels that a shareholder, director, officer, or employee of a corporation might be liable should obtain legal advice.
Corporations may be either provincially or federally incorporated. A federal company is incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act, RSC 1985, c. C-44 [CBCA]. A BC corporation is incorporated under the Business Corporations Act, SBC 2002, c 57 [BCBCA]. Corporations may also be registered under the laws of the other provinces and territories.
Because a corporation can have multiple locations, every corporation, including non-BCBCA corporations, doing business in BC must provide an address where it can be served with notices of claim and other important documents. A claimant must perform a company search to obtain the current registered address for the defendant corporation3940. This address must be listed as the corporation’ s address on the notice of claim form.
b) Partnership
A partnership can exist between one or more persons and is governed by the Partnership Act, RSBC 1996, c 348 [PA]. A person includes a corporation.
The rules for determining whether a partnership exists are set out in s 4 of the PA. Generally speaking, all partners are personally liable for the debts of the business: s 7 of the PA. As it is impossible to tell whether a business is a partnership or a sole proprietorship from the name alone, a claimant should perform a company search to learn the true structure of the business as well as the name and address of each partner.
The proper way to list each partner on the notice of claim is:
Jane Doe d.b.a. XYZ Partnership
John Doe d.b.a. XYZ Partnership
ABC Company Ltd. d.b.a. XYZ Partnership
NOTE: “d.b.a.” stands for “doing business as”
NOTE: One should be careful to not confuse partnerships with limited partnerships (LP) or limited liability partnerships (LLP).
c) Sole Proprietorship
A sole proprietorship allows a single person or corporation to do business under a business name. Sole proprietorships are registered under Part 4 of the PA. A sole proprietor is personally responsible for the debts of the business.
As it is impossible to tell whether a business is a partnership or a sole proprietorship from the name alone, a claimant should perform a company search to learn the true structure of the business as well as the name and address of the proprietor.
The proper way to list a sole proprietor on the notice of claim is:
Jane Doe d.b.a. XYZ Company
John Doe d.b.a. XYZ Company
ABC Company Ltd. d.b.a. XYZ Company
NOTE: “d.b.a.” stands for “doing business as”
d) Other
For other forms of businesses such as limited partnerships (LP), limited liability partnerships (LLP), and unlimited liability corporations (ULC), legal advice is recommended.
2. Suing a Person over 19 Years Old
Do not use titles such as Mr., Mrs. or Ms. Use full names, not initials (i.e., “Dr. D. Smith” should be “Doris Smith”). Claimants may sue more than one defendant if the claim against each defendant is related. Divide the “To” space in half and use one half for the name and address of each defendant; alternatively, the notice of claim filing assistant41 makes it convenient to add multiple defendants.
3. Suing a Society
A society is a type of not-for-profit corporation registered pursuant to the Society Act, RSBC 1996, c 433. The procedure and principles for suing a society are the same as for corporations. A company search is required to ascertain the society’ s registered address42.
4. Suing I.C.B.C.
A claimant who is suing for the deductible portion of an insurance policy must name both the driver and the registered owner of the vehicle as defendants rather than ICBC. A claimant who only has the number plate of the vehicle can obtain the owner’s name by writing a letter to ICBC’s Vehicle Records Office.
ICBC Insurance Enquiries
151 West Esplanade
North Vancouver, BC V7M 3H9
Telephone: (604) 661-2233 or 1(800) 464-5050
Note: If a motor vehicle has caused personal injury or property damage or a claimant has been denied coverage by ICBC, refer to the entire Law Students’ Legal Advice Program’s “Automobile Insurance (ICBC)” guide. Claims involving motor vehicles and motor vehicle insurance can be complicated; it is not possible to cover all possibilities in this Small Claims guide.
A claimant should be alert to the following:
- a claim involving motor vehicle insurance may have a shorter limitation period;
- parties other than the driver (e.g., the owner of the vehicle) may also be liable;
- a lawsuit for Part 7 (No Fault) benefits should be filed if appropriate;
- ICBC may be liable if damage is caused by an unidentified (i.e., hit and run)43, under, or uninsured motorist44; and
- personal injury claims are very difficult to value and it may be appropriate to consider bringing the claim in Supreme Court if the injuries are more than trivial.
Many personal injury lawyers work on a contingency basis. A claimant may wish to consult a personal injury lawyer prior to filing the claim to ensure that the amount claimed is reasonable and all parties are properly listed on the Notice of Claim.
Whether or not ICBC is named as a defendant, in a claim for damages caused by a vehicle in British Columbia, a claimant must serve ICBC with a copy of the Notice of Claim and a blank Reply form in the same manner as serving a corporate defendant45.
Where ICBC is properly named as a defendant, its correct legal name is the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. It is a special type of corporation and the usual corporate designation such as Inc. is not required.
5. Suing the Government
a) Federal Government
The federal government should be named as either “Attorney General of Canada” or “Her Majesty in right of Canada”. If an agency of the Crown is to be sued and if a federal Act permits, the agency may be sued in the name of that agency.46
b) Provincial
The provincial government should be named as “Her Majesty the Queen in right of the Province of British Columbia”.47
6. Suing the Police
The “Royal Canadian Mounted Police” is not a legal entity that can sue or be sued48.
A claimant who wishes to sue for damages arising from the conduct of a police officer should sue the individual police officers and the Minister of Justice and Attorney General49. A claimant who is suing a municipal police force should sue the individual police officers as well as the municipality employing the police officers. It is critical that a claimant provide written notice to the city within two months of the event giving rise to the cause of action50.
7. Suing a Municipality
Municipalities are special corporations incorporated by letters patent. Depending on its size, a municipality is referred to as a village, town, city, or a district municipality51. When letters patent are issued, the name of the incorporated municipality is published in the BC Gazette52. A claimant should search the BC Gazette53 to obtain the legal name of the municipality.
8. Suing a Young or Mentally Incompetent Person
A minor, also called an infant, is a person who is under 19 years of age at the time the claim is filed. Mentally incompetent persons as well as minors are persons with a legal disability. When suing such persons, Rule 20-2 of the Supreme Court Civil Rules applies, with the exception of Rule 20-2(4) (which does not apply in Small Claims cases)54. Persons with a legal disability must be represented by a litigation guardian. With some limitations, a litigation guardian can be any person ordinarily resident in British Columbia.
If the claim involves personal injury, Rule 20-2(4) of the Supreme Court Civil Rules applies and requires that the litigation guardian act by a lawyer unless the litigation guardian is the Public Guardian and Trustee.
A party cannot take a step in default against a person with a legal disability without the court’ s permission. A settlement with a party under a legal disability is not binding unless the court approves it.
These rules also apply to a party who becomes mentally incompetent at any point in the proceeding.
9. Suing an Insurance Company other than ICBC
Claims against insurers for coverage can be complicated. A claimant should research the law surrounding uberrimae fidei, an insurer’s duty to defend, and an insurer’s duty to indemnify. A claimant should be aware that claims against insurers may have a shorter limitation period.
10. Suing an Unknown Person
If a claimant does not know the identity of one or more parties, the claimant can still file a claim using a misnomer. For example, the claimant would list the unidentified defendant as either John Doe or Jane Doe as the case may be. If there are multiple unknown parties, the claimant could add a number to each misnomer (e.g., John Doe 1; John Doe 2). Misnomer also applies to unknown companies.
A claimant should research the law surrounding misnomer and ensure that both the unidentified party and its actions are described in as much detail as possible.
If the party is unknown because of a motor vehicle hit and run, the claimant may sue ICBC as a nominal defendant.
C. Can the Defendant(s) Pay?
One cannot squeeze blood from a stone. If a defendant has insignificant assets or income, the defendant may have no means to pay a judgment; such a person is “judgment-proof” and a claimant with an uncollectible judgment is said to be holding an “empty judgment”. A claimant should consider whether it is worth the time, expense, and stress of suing a judgment-proof defendant.